Izincwadi ngendlela esijwayele ukuzicabangela ngayo zavela esikhathini esingeside esidlule. Ezikhathini zasendulo, i-papyrus yayiwumthwali oyinhloko wolwazi, kodwa ngemva kokuvinjelwa kokuthunyelwa kwayo kwamanye amazwe, le ndawo yasetshenziswa isikhumba. Njengoba uMbuso WamaRoma wawuwohloka, izincwadi zayeka ukuba imiqulu futhi amaphepha esikhumba aqala ukuthungwa abe imiqulu. Le nqubo yenzeka kancane kancane, kwase kunesikhathi eside imiqulu nezincwadi zikhona, kodwa kancane kancane le ncwadi ngendlela yayo evamile yathatha indawo yemiqulu.
Ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi ezinjalo kwakubiza kakhulu; ngeNkathi Ephakathi, kwakwenziwa ikakhulukazi izindlu zezindela ezinemitapo yazo, lapho wonke amaqembu ababhali bezindela, ahlukaniswe ngochwepheshe, akwazi ukukopisha ngokushesha lokhu noma leyo ncwadi. Ngokwemvelo, akuwona wonke umuntu owayekwazi ukukukhokhela lokhu. Incwadi ehlotshiswe ngokucebile yayilingana nendlu noma ifa lonke. Kamuva, amanyuvesi aqala ukubekela inselele lokhu kubusa, lapho abafundi besebenza njengababhali esikhundleni sezindela.
Njengoba ukwazi ukufunda nokubhala kwakukhula kwanda phakathi kwezigaba eziphakeme, nesidingo sezincwadi sakhula. Kwakunesidingo sokunciphisa izindleko zabo, futhi kancane kancane ukusetshenziswa kwephepha kwaqala ukugqama. Izincwadi zamaphepha, ngisho nezibhalwe ngesandla, zazishibhe izikhathi eziningana kunezesikhumba, futhi inani lazo landa kakhulu. Ukufika komshini wokunyathelisa kwavusa intuthuko elandelayo ekuthuthukisweni kokunyathelisa izincwadi. Maphakathi nekhulu le-15, ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi kwashibhe izikhathi eziningana. Ngemva kwalokho ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi kwatholakala kabanzi ezindlini ezinyathelisayo zezentengiselwano. Inani lezincwadi ezinyathelisiwe lakhula ngokushesha, futhi ulwazi lwakhula kanye nalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi oluningi olwaqoqwa ngaleso sikhathi oluhlobene nomlando nefilosofi, futhi akuwona wonke umuntu owayekwazi ukuthola imvume yokungena esigodlweni sezindela, inyuvesi noma umtapo wolwazi wangasese. Isimo saqala ukushintsha ekupheleni kwekhulu le-1690. Imitapo yolwazi yomphakathi yaqala ukuvela, lapho amasampula awo wonke amakhophi anyatheliswe abashicileli athunyelwa khona, kanye nezincazelo ezimfushane zokuqukethwe. Ikakhulukazi, kwakunjalo eMtatsheni Wezincwadi Kazwelonke WaseFrance (owayekade eyi-Royal Biblioteque du Roi), lapho uGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (kusukela ngo-1716 kuya ku-XNUMX) ayengunobhala wezincwadi. Imitapo yolwazi kahulumeni, yona, ihlanganiswe yaba yizinhlangano ezihlangene futhi zathola amagatsha.
Kwakunzima ngokwezimali ukwakha inani elikhulu lemitapo yolwazi yomphakathi, ngakho-ke ngekhulu le-18-19. izindela eziningi, ngaphansi kosongo lokuthathwa, zaphoqeleka ukuthi zivule imitapo yazo yolwazi emphakathini. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ukuze kugcwaliswe imitapo yolwazi kahulumeni, izincwadi zaqala ukuthathwa emaqoqweni esonto namapherishi, lapho kwakugxilwe khona inani elikhulu lemisebenzi engavamile. Emazweni ahlukene lokhu kwenzeka ngokuhlukahluka hhayi ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa ingqikithi yalokho okwakwenzeka kuyahambisana nethrendi nezikhathi ezichazwe ngenhla.
Kungani izifundazwe zinganaki amalungelo okukopisha futhi zangena ekungqubuzaneni okuqondile nesonto? Ngikholwa ukuthi iziphathimandla zamazwe anenqubekela phambili zaziqonda ukuthi ulwazi olufinyelelekayo lwaluba insiza ebaluleke kakhulu. Uma izwe seliqongelele ulwazi olwengeziwe, yilapho lufinyeleleka kalula kubantu, kulapho inani labantu abahlakaniphile nabafundile likhuphuka khona, imboni eshesha kakhulu, ezohwebo, amasiko ayathuthuka, futhi yilapho izwe elinjalo lincintisana kakhulu.
Umtapo wolwazi ofanelekile kufanele ube nenani eliphezulu lolwazi, ufinyeleleke kuwo wonke umuntu onentshisekelo yokuthola ulwazi, ukufinyelela okunikezwa ngokushesha, kalula nangempumelelo.
Ngo-1995, wona lowo Mtapo Wezincwadi Kazwelonke WaseFrance wawusugcine izincwadi eziyizigidi ezingu-12. Yiqiniso, akunakwenzeka ukufunda inani elinjalo lezincwadi uwedwa. Phakathi nokuphila konke, umuntu angakwazi ukufunda imiqulu elinganiselwa ku-8000 (ngesivinini sokufunda esimaphakathi sezincwadi ezi-2-3 ngesonto). Ezimweni eziningi, umgomo uwukuthola ngokushesha ulwazi oludingayo ngokuqondile. Ukufeza lokhu, akwanele nje ukwakha inethiwekhi ebanzi yemitapo yolwazi yedolobha nezifunda.
Le nkinga yaqashelwa kudala, futhi ukuze kube lula ukusesha futhi kuhlanganiswe uhla olubanzi kakhulu lolwazi lomuntu, i-encyclopedia yasungulwa ngekhulu le-18, ngesinyathelo sikaDenis Diderot kanye nesazi sezibalo uJean d'Alembert. Ekuqaleni, imisebenzi yabo yayingahlangani nesonto kuphela, kodwa nayizikhulu zikahulumeni, njengoba imibono yabo yayingangqubuzani nobufundisi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nenkolo yokugcinwa kwemvelo ngokuvamile. Njengoba imibono yama-encyclopedist yaba nendima ebalulekile ekulungiseleleni i-Great French Revolution, lokhu kuyaqondakala.
Ngakho-ke, izifunda, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zinesithakazelo ekusabalaliseni okubanzi kolwazi phakathi kwabantu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zifuna ukugcina ukulawula kwalezo zincwadi, ngokubona kweziphathimandla, ezingathandeki (okungukuthi ukucwaninga ).
Ngalesi sizathu, akuzona zonke izincwadi ezingafinyeleleka ngisho nasemitapo yolwazi yombuso. Futhi lesi sigameko asichazwa nje wukuwohloka nokungajwayelekile kwalezi zincwadi.
Ukulawulwa kukahulumeni ezindlini zokushicilela nemitapo yolwazi kusekhona nanamuhla; ngokufika kwe-inthanethi, iziteki zikhulile futhi ukungqubuzana kuye kwaqina kuphela. E-Russia ngo-1994 kwavela umtapo wezincwadi weMaxim Moshkov. Kodwa ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi yomsebenzi, amacala okuqala aqala, alandelwa ukuhlaselwa kwe-DoS. Kwaba sobala ukuthi kwakungeke kwenzeke ukunyathelisa zonke izincwadi, futhi umnikazi womtapo waphoqeleka ukuba enze “izinqumo ezinzima.” Ukwamukelwa kwalezi zinqumo kuholele ekuveleni kweminye imitapo yolwazi, amacala amasha, ukuhlaselwa kwe-DoS, ukuvinjwa yiziphathimandla ezigadayo (okungukuthi, umbuso), njll.
Kanye nokufika kwemitapo yolwazi eku-inthanethi, kwavela izinkomba ze-inthanethi. Ngo-2001, i-Wikipedia yavela. Akuyona yonke into ebushelelezi nalapho, futhi akuzona zonke izifundazwe ezivumela izakhamuzi zakhona ukuthi zifinyelele "ulwazi olungaqinisekisiwe" (okungukuthi, alucutshungulwa yilesi simo).
Uma ngezikhathi zamaSoviet ababhalisile be-TSB babethunyelelwa izincwadi ezingenangqondo nesicelo sokusika leli khasi noma lelo khasi futhi bethemba ukuthi ezinye zezakhamizi “eziqaphile” zizolandela imiyalo, khona-ke umtapo wolwazi we-elekthronikhi (noma i-encyclopedia) ungahlela imibhalo engabazekayo njenge ukuphatha kwayo kuyajabulisa. Lokhu kuboniswe kahle endabeni “” UGeorge Orwell - amathess abhalwe ngoshoki odongeni alungiswa ngaphansi kwesembozo sobumnyama yiqembu elinentshisekelo.
Ngakho-ke, umzabalazo phakathi kwesifiso sokuhlinzeka ngolwazi ngenani eliphezulu labantu ekukhuleni kwabo kwengqondo, isiko, ingcebo kanye nesifiso sokulawula imicabango yabantu futhi uthole imali eyengeziwe kuyo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilolu suku. Amazwe afuna ukuvumelana, ngoba uma izinto eziningi zivinjelwe, khona-ke, okokuqala, imithombo ehlukile izovela nakanjani enikeza okunezinhlobonhlobo ezithakazelisayo (sikubona lokhu esibonelweni sezifufula nemitapo yolwazi). Futhi okwesibili, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lokhu kuzokhawulela amandla ombuso ngokwawo.
Kufanele ubukeke kanjani umtapo wolwazi we-elekthronikhi wombuso, ongahlanganisa izintshisekelo zawo wonke umuntu?
Ngokubona kwami, kufanele iqukathe zonke izincwadi ezishicilelwe, omagazini namaphephandaba, okungenzeka atholakale ukuze afundwe futhi alandwe ngokubambezeleka kancane. Ngokubambezeleka okufushane ngiqonde isikhathi esiphezulu esingafika ezinyangeni eziyisithupha noma unyaka enovelini, inyanga kumagazini nosuku olulodwa noma ezimbili ephephandabeni. Akufanele igcwaliswe kuphela ngabashicileli kanye nezincwadi ezenziwe ngedijithali ezivela kweminye imitapo yolwazi yombuso, kodwa futhi nabafundi/ababhali ngokwabo, ababezothumela imibhalo kuyo.
Izincwadi eziningi nezinye izinto kufanele zibe khona (ngaphansi kwelayisensi ye-Creative Commons), okungukuthi, mahhala ngokuphelele. Izincwadi ababhali bazo abazwakalise mathupha isifiso sokuthola imali ukuze badawunilode futhi babuke izincwadi zabo kufanele zibekwe esigabeni esihlukile “Izincwadi Zokuhweba”. Ithegi yentengo kulesi sigaba kufanele ikhawulelwe emkhawulweni ophezulu ukuze noma ubani afunde futhi alande ifayela ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokukhethekile ngesabelomali sakhe - ingxenye yephesenti yemali encane yempesheni (cishe ama-ruble angu-5-10 incwadi ngayinye). Izinkokhelo ngaphansi kwalesi simangalo se-copyright kufanele zenziwe kuphela kumlobi ngokwakhe (co-author, umhumushi), hhayi kubameleli bakhe, abashicileli, izihlobo, onobhala, njll.
Kuthiwani ngombhali?
Ibhokisi lebhokisi elivela ekuthengisweni kwezincwadi zezentengiselwano ngeke libe likhulu, kodwa ngenani elikhulu lokulandiwe, lizoba lihloniphekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababhali bangathola izibonelelo nemiklomelo hhayi kuphela evela kuhulumeni, kodwa nakwabazimele. Kungase kungenzeki ukuceba emtatsheni wezincwadi wombuso, kodwa, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, kuzoletha imali ethile, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, kuzonikeza ithuba lokufunda umsebenzi kubantu abaningi.
Kuthiwani ngomshicileli?
Umshicileli wavuka futhi wayekhona ngesikhathi lapho kwakungenzeka ukuthengisa i-medium. Ukuthengisa kumidiya yendabuko kuzohlala futhi kuzoqhubeka nokwenza imali isikhathi eside. Zizoba khona kanje izindlu zokushicilela.
Ngezikhathi ze-e-books kanye ne-intanethi, izinsizakalo zokushicilela zishintshwa kalula - uma kunesidingo, umbhali angathola ngokuzimela umhleli, umhloli wokuhlola noma umhumushi.
Kuthiwani ngombuso?
Umbuso uthola isibalo sabantu abanamasiko nabafundile, “okwandisa ubukhulu baso nenkazimulo ngezenzo zabo.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithola ikhono okungenani lokulawula kancane inqubo yokugcwalisa. Kunjalo, umtapo onjalo uyoba nengqondo kuphela uma lo mthethonqubo ulingana noma uthambekele ekubeni uziro, ngaphandle kwalokho enye izovela maduze.
Ungabelana ngombono wakho welabhulali efanelekile, ugcwalise inguqulo yami noma uyiphonsele inselelo emazwaneni.
Source: www.habr.com