Ukukhishwa kwe-8 kumagazini othi "Radio Amateur" ka-1924 kwanikezelwa ku-Losev's "kristadin". Igama elithi "cristadine" lakhiwa amagama athi "crystal" nelithi "heterodyne", futhi "umphumela we-crystal" wawuwukuthi lapho ukuchema okungalungile kusetshenziselwa ikristalu ye-zincite (ZnO), i-crystal yaqala ukukhiqiza ama-oscillations angenalutho.
Umphumela wawungenasisekelo setiyori. U-Losev ngokwakhe wayekholelwa ukuthi umphumela wawubangelwa ukuba khona kwe-microscopic "voltaic arc" endaweni yokuxhumana ne-crystal ye-zincite ngocingo lwensimbi.
Ukutholakala kwe-“crystal effect” kwavula amathemba ajabulisayo kubunjiniyela bomsakazo...
... kodwa kwavela njengenhlalayenza...
Ngo-1922, uLosev wabonisa imiphumela yocwaningo lwakhe ngokusetshenziswa komtshina wekristalu njengejeneretha yama-oscillations aqhubekayo. Ukushicilelwa ngesihloko sombiko kuqukethe imidwebo yokuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri kanye nemishini yezibalo yokucubungula izinto zocwaningo. Ake ngikukhumbuze ukuthi u-Oleg wayengakabi neminyaka engu-19 ubudala ngaleso sikhathi.
Isibalo sibonisa isifunda sokuhlola se-"cristadine" kanye nesici saso samanje se-voltage "esimise okwe-N", esijwayelekile sama-diode omhubhe. Ukuthi u-Oleg Vladimirovich Losev waba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa umphumela womhubhe kuma-semiconductors ekusebenzeni kwacaca kuphela ngemva kwempi. Akunakushiwo ukuthi ama-tunnel diode asetshenziswa kabanzi ekujikelezeni kwesimanje, kodwa izixazululo eziningi ezisekelwe kuzo zisebenza ngempumelelo kuma-microwaves.
Akubanga khona impumelelo entsha kuma-radio electronics: wonke amandla emboni abe esenikelwa ekuthuthukiseni amashubhu omsakazo. Amashubhu omsakazo athathelwe indawo ngempumelelo imishini kagesi kanye nezikhala ze-arc ezivela kumathuluzi okuthumela umsakazo. Imisakazo ye-Tube yasebenza kancane kancane futhi yashibha. Ngakho-ke, ochwepheshe bomsakazo abangochwepheshe babe sebebheka i-"cristadin" njengelukuluku: isamukeli se-heterodyne ngaphandle kwesibani, wow!
Kwabasafufusa bomsakazo, ukwakheka kwe-“cristadine” kwabonakala kuyinkimbinkimbi: ibhethri lalidingeka ukuze linikeze i-bias voltage ku-crystal, kwadingeka kwenziwe i-potentiometer ukuze kulungiswe ukuchema, futhi kwadingeka kwenziwe enye i-inductor. ukuze uthole amaphuzu okukhiqiza wekristalu.
I-NRL yayibuqonda kahle ubunzima bezimfundamakhwela zomsakazo, ngakho banyathelisa incwajana lapho umklamo we "cristadine" kanye nomklamo womamukeli weShaposhnikov wanyatheliswa ndawonye. Izimfundamakhwela zomsakazo ziqale zenza isamukeli seShaposhnikov, zabe sezinezela nge-“cristadine” njenge-amplifier yesiginali yomsakazo noma i-oscillator yendawo.
A little ofory
Ngesikhathi sokushicilela idizayini ye-"cristadine", zonke izinhlobo zokwamukela umsakazo zase zikhona:
1. Izamukeli zomsakazo zomtshina, okuhlanganisa izamukeli zokukhulisa izwi ngqo.
2. Izamukeli zomsakazo ze-Heterodyne (ezaziwa nangokuthi izamukeli zokuguqulwa okuqondile).
3. Izamukeli zomsakazo ze-Superheterodyne.
4. Izamukeli zomsakazo ezivuselelayo, kuhlanganisa. "Autodynes" kanye "synchrodynes".
Okulula kakhulu kwezamukeli zomsakazo kwakuyi-detector futhi isahlala:
Ukusebenza kwesamukeli somtshina kulula kakhulu: lapho kuvezwa ku-half-wave ye-negative carrier ehlukanisiwe kumjikelezo L1C1, ukumelana komtshina i-VD1 kuhlala kuphezulu, futhi lapho kuvezwe kokuhle, kuyehla, i.e. umtshina VD1 “uyavula”. Lapho ithola amasignali e-amplitude-modulated (AM) ngomtshina we-VD1 “ovuliwe,” i-blocking capacitor C2 iyashajwa, ekhishwa ngama-headphone BF ngemva kokuba umtshina “uvaliwe.”
Amagrafu abonisa inqubo yokwehlisa isignali ye-AM kubamukeli bomtshina.
Ukungalungi kwesamukeli somsakazo womtshina kusobala encazelweni yesimiso sokusebenza kwayo: ayikwazi ukuthola isignali amandla ayo anganele "ukuvula" umtshina.
Ukuze kwandiswe ukuzwela, amakhoyili “oku-self-induction”, amanxeba “ukujika ukuze avule” emikhonweni yekhadibhodi enobubanzi obukhulu enocingo oluwugqinsi lwethusi, asetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo kumasekhethi aphumayo azwakalayo wezamukeli zomtshina. Ama-inductors anjalo anesici sekhwalithi ephezulu, i.e. isilinganiso sokusabela ekumelaneni okusebenzayo. Lokhu kwenze ukuthi, lapho kulungiswa isekethe ukuze i-resonance, ikhulise i-EMF yesiginali yomsakazo eyamukelwe.
Enye indlela yokwandisa ukuzwela kwesamukeli somsakazo womtshina ukusebenzisa i-oscillator yendawo: isignali evela kujeneretha eshuniswe imvamisa yenkampani yenethiwekhi "ixutshwe" kumjikelezo wokufakwayo kowamukelayo. Kulesi simo, umtshina "uvuliwe" hhayi ngesignali yenkampani yenethiwekhi ebuthakathaka, kodwa ngesignali enamandla evela ku-generator. I-Heterodyne reception yatholwa ngisho nangaphambi kokusungulwa kwamashubhu omsakazo kanye nama-crystal detectors futhi isasetshenziswa nanamuhla.
I-“Kristadin” esetshenziswa njenge-oscillator yendawo ikhonjiswe emfanekisweni ngohlamvu “a”; uhlamvu “b” lubonisa isamukeli somtshina esivamile.
Ububi obuphawulekayo bokwamukela i-heterodyne kwaba ukushaywa kwekhwelo okwenzeka ngenxa “yokushaywa kwefrikhwensi” ye-oscillator yendawo kanye nesithwali. Lokhu “kubi,” ngendlela, kwakusetshenziselwa ukwamukela “ngendlebe” i-radiotelegraph (CW), lapho i-oscillator yendawo yomamukeli ilungiswa ngokuvama ngo-600 - 800 Hz kusuka kufrikhwensi yokudlulisela futhi lapho ukhiye ucindezelwa, ithoni. kuvele uphawu emafonini.
Okunye okungalungile kokwamukela i-heterodyne kwaba "ukunciphisa" okuphawulekayo kwenkathi yesignali lapho ama-frequencies ehambisana, kodwa izigaba ze-oscillator yendawo kanye nezimpawu zenkampani azizange zihambisane. Izamukeli zomsakazo zamashubhu ezivuselelayo (izamukeli ze-Reinartz) eziye zabusa kakhulu maphakathi nawo-20s azizange zibe naloku kungalungile. Bekungelula nabo, kodwa enye indaba...
Mayelana ne-"superheterodynes" kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwabo kwaba nokwenzeka ngokwezomnotho kuphela maphakathi nawo-30s. Njengamanje, "ama-superheterodynes" asasetshenziswa kabanzi (ngokungafani "ne-regenerator" kanye "nezitholi"), kodwa ashintshwa ngenkuthalo ngamadivayisi we-heterodyne ane-software signal processing (SDR).
Ubani uMnu Lossev?
Indaba yokubukeka kuka-Oleg Losev e-laboratory yomsakazo yaseNizhny Novgorod yaqala eTver, lapho, ngemva kokulalela inkulumo yenhloko yesiteshi somsakazo, i-Staff Captain Leshchinsky, le nsizwa yavula umsakazo.
Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni sangempela, le nsizwa ingena eMoscow Institute of Communications, kodwa ngandlela-thile ifika eNizhny Novgorod futhi izama ukuthola umsebenzi e-NRL, lapho iqashwe khona njenge-courier. Ayikho imali eyanele, kufanele alale ku-NRL lapho efika, kodwa lokhu akusona isithiyo ku-Oleg. Wenza ucwaningo ngezinqubo zomzimba kuma-crystal detectors.
Ozakwabo babekholelwa ukuthi uProf. wayenethonya elikhulu ekubunjweni kuka-Oleg Losev njengesazi se-physics esivivinya. VC. Lebedinsky, ahlangana naye emuva e Tver. Uprofesa wakhetha u-Losev futhi wathanda ukukhuluma naye ngezihloko zocwaningo. UVladimir Konstantinovich wayehlale enobungane, enobuhlakani futhi enikeza izeluleko eziningi ezifihlwe njengemibuzo.
U-Oleg Vladimirovich Losev wanikela impilo yakhe yonke kwisayensi. Ngancamela ukusebenza ngedwa. Ishicilelwe ngaphandle kwababhali ababambisene nabo. Ngangingajabule emshadweni wami. Ngo-1928 wathuthela eLeningrad. Usebenze e-CRL. Sebenza no-ak. Ioff. Waba Ph.D. "ngokomsebenzi wonke." Wafa ngo-1942 e-Leningrad evinjezelwe.
Kusuka eqoqweni elithi "Nizhny Novgorod Pioneers of Soviet Radio Engineering" mayelana ne-"kristadin" kaLosev:
Ucwaningo luka-Oleg Vladimirovich, kokuqukethwe kwalo, ekuqaleni lwalunemvelo yomsakazo wezobuchwepheshe kanye ne-amateur, kodwa kwaba nabo lapho athola khona udumo emhlabeni wonke, ethola kumtshina we-zincite (mineral zinc oxide) enethiphu yensimbi ikhono lokujabulisa ama-oscillations aqhubekayo. kumasekhethi omsakazo. Lesi simiso sakha isisekelo sesamukeli somsakazo esingenamashubhu esinokukhulisa isignali esinezici zeshubhu eyodwa. Ngo-1922, yabizwa phesheya "cristadine" (crystalline heterodyne).
Engazigcini ekutholakaleni kwalesi simo kanye nentuthuko eyakhayo yomamukeli, umbhali uthuthukisa indlela yokucwengisisa ngokwenziwa amakristalu e-zincite asezingeni lesibili (ngokuwancibilikisa ku-arc kagesi), futhi uthola indlela elula yokuthola. amaphuzu asebenzayo ebusweni bekristalu ngokuthinta ithiphu, okuqinisekisa ukuvuswa kwama-oscillations.
Izinkinga ezavela zazingenaso isixazululo esincane; kwakudingeka kwenziwe ucwaningo ezindaweni ezingakathuthukisiwe ze-physics; Ukwehluleka komsakazo we-amateur kukhuthaze ucwaningo lwefiziksi. Kwasetshenziswa ngokuphelele i-physics. Incazelo elula kakhulu yesenzakalo sesizukulwane se-oscillation esasivela ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuxhunyaniswa kwayo ne-thermal coefficient of resistance yomtshina we-zincite, okwathi, njengoba kulindelekile, kwavela ukuthi kubi.
Imithombo esetshenzisiwe:
1. Losev O.V. Emsuka wobuchwepheshe be-semiconductor. Imisebenzi ekhethiwe - L.: Nauka, 1972
2. "I-Radio Amateur", 1924, No. 8
3. Ostroumov B.A. Amaphayona aseNizhny Novgorod obuchwepheshe bomsakazo weSoviet - L.: Nauka, 1966
4.
5. Polyakov V.T. Ubuchwepheshe bokwamukela umsakazo. Izamukeli ezilula zamasiginali we-AM - M.: DMK Press, 2001
Source: www.habr.com