Ifilosofi Eqondisayo
1. Izilimi zokuhlela zabantu
Izilimi zokuhlela yindlela abantu abakhuluma ngayo namakhompyutha. Ikhompyutha izokujabulela ukukhuluma noma yiluphi ulimi olungadideki. Isizathu sokuthi sibe nezilimi ezisezingeni eliphezulu kungenxa yokuthi abantu abakwazi ukuphatha ulimi lomshini. Iphuzu lokuhlela izilimi ukuvimbela ubuchopho bethu obumpofu, obuntekenteke ukuthi bukhungathekiswe imininingwane eminingi.
Abadwebi bezakhiwo bayazi ukuthi ezinye izinkinga zokuklama zivamile kunezinye. Ezinye zezinkinga ezicacile nezingaqondakali zokuklama ukuklama kwamabhuloho. Kulokhu, umsebenzi wakho ukumboza ibanga elidingekayo ngezinto ezincane ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-spectrum umklamo wesitulo. Abasiki bengqephu kufanele bachithe isikhathi sabo becabanga ngezinqe zabantu.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesoftware kunomehluko ofanayo. Ukudizayina ama-algorithms okuhambisa idatha ngenethiwekhi kuyinkinga enhle, engabonakali, njengokuklama amabhuloho. Nakuba ukuklama izilimi zokuhlela kufana nokuklama izihlalo: kufanele ubhekane nobuthakathaka bomuntu.
Lokhu kunzima ngeningi lethu ukukubona. Ukuklama izinhlelo zezibalo zikanokusho kuzwakala kukhanga kakhulu kwabaningi bethu kunokubheka ubuthakathaka bomuntu. Iqhaza lobuhle bezibalo ukuthi izinga elithile lobuhle lenza izinhlelo ziqondeke kalula. Kodwa akukhona konke ngobuhle.
Futhi uma ngithi izilimi kufanele zakhelwe ukuhambisana nobuthakathaka bomuntu, angisho ukuthi izilimi kufanele zakhelwe abahleli bezinhlelo abangalungile. Eqinisweni, kufanele udizayine isoftware yabahleli bezinhlelo abahamba phambili, kodwa nabahleli bezinhlelo abahamba phambili banemikhawulo yabo. Angicabangi ukuthi kukhona umuntu ongajabulela ukuhlela ngolimi lapho zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo zichazwa ngohlamvu "x" olunombhalo ophelele.
2. Ziklamele wena nabangane bakho
Uma ubheka umlando wezilimi zokuhlela, izilimi eziningi ezihamba phambili zaklanywa ukuthi zisetshenziswe ababhali bazo, futhi ezimbi kakhulu zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ngabanye abantu.
Uma izilimi zenzelwe abanye abantu, kuhlala kuyiqembu elithile labantu: abantu abahlakaniphe njengabadali bolimi. Ngale ndlela uthola ulimi olukhuluma phansi kuwe. I-Cobol iyisibonelo esivelele kakhulu, kodwa izilimi eziningi zigcwele lo moya.
Akuhlangene nokuthi ulimi lusezingeni eliphezulu kangakanani. I-C isezingeni eliphansi impela, kepha yadalelwa ukuthi isetshenziswe ababhali bayo, yingakho abaduni beyithanda.
Ingxabano yokuklama izilimi zabahleli bezinhlelo ababi ukuthi baningi abahleli bezinhlelo ababi kunabahle. Mhlawumbe lokhu kunjalo. Kepha le nombolo encane yabahleli bezinhlelo abahle ibhala isoftware eningi ngokungafani.
Umbuzo wami uthi, ulwakha kanjani ulimi oluheha izigebengu ezingcono kakhulu? Kubonakala kimi ukuthi lo mbuzo ufana nombuzo wokuthi ungakha kanjani ulimi oluhle lokuhlela?, Kodwa noma kungenjalo, okungenani umbuzo othakazelisayo.
3. Nikeza umhleli amandla amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka
Izilimi eziningi (ikakhulukazi lezo eziklanyelwe abanye abantu) zisebenza njengabazanyana: zizama ukukuxwayisa ukuthi uhlukane nezinto ezicabanga ukuthi ngeke zikusize. Ngithatha umbono ophambene: nikeza umhleli amandla okulawula ngangokunokwenzeka.
Lapho ngiqala ukufunda uLisp, engangikuthanda kakhulu ukuthi sasikhuluma njengabantu abalinganayo. Kwezinye izilimi engangizifundile ngaleso sikhathi, kwakunolimi, futhi kwakukhona nohlelo lwami lwalolo limi, futhi zazihlukene kakhulu. Kodwa ku-Lisp, imisebenzi kanye nama-macros engiwabhalile ayefana nolimi ngokwalo olwabhalwa ngalo. Bengingalubhala kabusha ulimi ngokwalo uma ngithanda. Ibe nesikhalazo esifanayo nesofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile.
4. UBrevity ungudadewabo wethalente
I-Brevity ibukelwa phansi futhi idelelekile. Kodwa uma ubheka ezinhliziyweni zabaduni, uzobona ukuthi bathanda ngempela ubufushane. Kukangaki uzwa izigebengu zikhuluma kamnandi ngokuthi, uma, i-APL, zingenza kanjani izinto ezimangalisayo ngemigqa embalwa yekhodi? Ngicabanga ukuthi abantu abahlakaniphe ngempela bathanda ukunaka lokhu.
Ngikholwa ukuthi cishe noma yini eyenza izinhlelo zibe mfishane yinto enhle. Kufanele kube nemisebenzi eminingi yomtapo wolwazi, yonke into engaba sobala kufanele ibe njalo; I-syntax kufanele ibe mfushane kakhudlwana; ngisho namagama ebhizinisi kufanele abe mafushane.
Futhi akuzona kuphela izinhlelo okufanele zibe zifushane. Amamanuwali nawo kufanele abe mafushane. Ingxenye enhle yamabhukwana igcwele izincazelo, ukuphika, izixwayiso kanye namacala akhethekile. Uma udinga ukufushanisa imanyuwali, inketho engcono kakhulu ukulungisa ulimi oludinga incazelo engaka.
5. Qaphela ukuthi kuyini ukugebenga
Abantu abaningi bangathanda ukugebenga kube yizibalo, noma okungenani into efana nesayensi. Ngicabanga ukuthi ukugebenga kufana nezakhiwo. I-Architecture imayelana ne-physics ngokuthi umakhi wezakhiwo udinga ukuklama isakhiwo esingeke siwe, kodwa umgomo wangempela womdwebi wamapulani ukwakha isakhiwo esihle, hhayi ukuvumbulula emkhakheni we-statics.
Okuthandwa ngabaduni ukudala izinhlelo ezinhle. Futhi ngicabanga ukuthi, okungenani emicabangweni yethu, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi ukubhala izinhlelo ezinhle kuyinto emangalisayo, ngisho noma lowo msebenzi ungahumusheki kalula emalini evamile yobuhlakani yamaphepha esayensi. Ngokombono wobuhlakani, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuklama ulimi abahleli bohlelo abazoluthanda njengoba kuwukuklama okubi kakhulu okuhlanganisa umqondo ongashicilela ngawo iphepha.
Vula Izinkinga
1. Indlela yokuhlela imitapo yolwazi emikhulu?
Imitapo yolwazi isiyingxenye ebalulekile yezilimi zokuhlela. Ziba zinkulu kangangokuthi zingaba yingozi. Uma kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuthola umsebenzi kumtapo wezincwadi owenza lokho okudingayo kunokubhala lowo msebenzi ngokwakho, khona-ke yonke ikhodi ayenzi lutho ngaphandle kokwenza imanuwali yakho ibe mkhulu. (Izincwadi ze-Symbolics zaziyisibonelo salokhu.) Ngakho-ke kuzodingeka sixazulule inkinga yenhlangano yomtapo wolwazi. Ngokufanelekile, ziklame ukuze umhleli akwazi ukuqagela ukuthi yimuphi umsebenzi welabhulali ofanele.
2. Ingabe abantu bayesaba ngempela i-syntax yesiqalo?
Lena inkinga evulekile ngomqondo wokuthi sengineminyaka eminingana ngicabanga ngayo kodwa namanje angiyazi impendulo. I-syntax yesiqalo ibonakala ingokwemvelo ngokuphelele kimi, ngaphandle kokuthi mhlawumbe isetshenziswe kuzibalo. Kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi okuningi kokungathandwa kuka-Lisp kubangelwa yi-syntax engajwayelekile... Ukuthi kufanele senze okuthile ngakho, uma kuyiqiniso, kungenye indaba.
3. Yini oyidingayo ngesofthiwe yeseva?
Ngicabanga ukuthi izicelo eziningi ezizobhalwa eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo kuzoba izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu, ngomqondo wokuthi izinhlelo zizohlala kuseva futhi zixhumane nawe ngesiphequluli sewebhu. Futhi ukubhala izicelo ezinjalo sidinga izinto ezintsha.
Enye yalezo zinto ukusekelwa kwendlela entsha yokukhulula izinhlelo zokusebenza zeseva. Esikhundleni sokukhishwa okukhulu okukodwa noma okubili ngonyaka, njengesoftware yedeskithophu, isoftware yeseva izokhishwa ngochungechunge lwezinguquko ezincane. Ungase ube nezinguqulo ezinhlanu noma eziyishumi ngosuku. Futhi wonke umuntu uzohlala enenguqulo yakamuva.
Uyazi ukuthi ungaklama kanjani izinhlelo ukuze zigcinwe? Isoftware yeseva kufanele yakhelwe ukuthi ishintsheke. Kufanele ukwazi ukukushintsha kalula, noma okungenani wazi ukuthi kusho ukuthini ushintsho oluncane nokuthi yini ebalulekile.
Enye into engaba usizo kusofthiwe yeseva, kungazelelwe, ukuqhubeka kokulethwa. Kuhlelo lokusebenza lwewebhu ungasebenzisa okuthile okufana nalokhu ukuze uthole umthelela wezinqubo emhlabeni ongasho lutho wamaseshini ewebhu. Ukuba nokuqhubeka kokunikezwayo kungase kukufanelekele uma isici singabizi kakhulu.
4. Yiziphi izici ezintsha ezisazotholakala?
Anginaso isiqiniseko sokuthi lelo themba linengqondo kangakanani, kodwa ngokwami ββngingathanda ngempela ukuthola amazwibela amasha - into engaba nenjongo njengemisebenzi yezinga lokuqala noma ukuphindaphinda noma okungenani amapharamitha azenzakalelayo. Mhlawumbe leli iphupho elingenakwenzeka. Izinto ezinjalo ngokuvamile azitholakali. Kodwa angililahli ithemba.
Izimfihlo ezincane ezaziwayo
1. Ungasebenzisa noma yiluphi ulimi olufunayo
Ngaphambilini, ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kwakusho ukwakhiwa kwesofthiwe yedeskithophu. Futhi ku-software yedeskithophu kunokuchema okukhulu ekubhaleni izinhlelo zokusebenza ngolimi olufanayo nolwesistimu yokusebenza. Ngakho eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ukubhala isofthiwe ngokuvamile kwakusho ukubhala isofthiwe ngo-C. Ekugcineni, isiko lavela: izinhlelo zokusebenza akufanele zibhalwe ngezilimi ezingavamile. Futhi leli siko liguquke isikhathi eside kangangokuthi abantu abangewona ubuchwepheshe njengabaphathi kanye nama-venture capitalists nabo bafundile.
Isofthiwe yeseva ibhubhisa le modeli ngokuphelele. Ngesofthiwe yeseva ungasebenzisa noma yiluphi ulimi olufunayo. Cishe akekho okuqondayo lokhu okwamanje (ikakhulukazi abaphathi nama-venture capitalists). Kodwa abanye abaduni bayakuqonda lokhu, yingakho sizwa ngezilimi ze-indy ezifana nePerl nePython. Asizwa ngePerl nePython ngoba abantu bazisebenzisa ukubhala izinhlelo zeWindows.
Kusho ukuthini lokhu kithina, abantu abanentshisekelo ekwakhiweni kolimi lokuhlela, ukuthi kungaba khona izethameli zomsebenzi wethu.
2. Isivinini sivela kumaphrofayili
Abathuthukisi bolimi, noma okungenani abaqalisi bolimi, bathanda ukubhala izihlanganisi ezikhiqiza ikhodi esheshayo. Kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi akukhona lokho okwenza izilimi zisheshe kubasebenzisi. UKnuth waphawula kudala ukuthi ijubane lincike ezithiyeni ezimbalwa nje. Futhi noma ngubani oke wazama ukusheshisa uhlelo uyazi ukuthi awukwazi ukuqagela ukuthi ibhodlela likuphi. Iphrofayili yimpendulo.
Abathuthukisi bolimi baxazulula inkinga engalungile. Abasebenzisi abawadingi amabhentshimakhi ukuze basebenze ngokushesha. Badinga ulimi olungabonisa ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye zohlelo lwabo okudingeka zibhalwe kabusha. Kuleli qophelo, isivinini siyadingeka ekusebenzeni. Ngakho-ke mhlawumbe kungaba ngcono uma abaqalisi bolimi bechitha uhhafu wesikhathi abasichitha belungiselela umhlanganisi futhi basichithe ekubhaleni iphrofayili enhle.
3. Udinga uhlelo lokusebenza elenza ulimi lwakho luguquke
Lokhu kungase kungabi iqiniso lokugcina, kodwa kubonakala sengathi izilimi ezihamba phambili zavela kanye nezinhlelo ezisetshenziswe kuzo. C yabhalwa abantu ababedinga izinhlelo zezinhlelo. I-Lisp yayiklanyelwe ngokwengxenye ukuhlukaniswa okungokomfanekiso, futhi uMcCarthy wayemagange ukuqalisa kangangokuthi waze waqala nokubhala izinhlelo zokuhlukanisa ephepheni lokuqala le-Lisp ngo-1960.
Lokhu kuhle ikakhulukazi uma uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza luxazulula ezinye izinkinga ezintsha. Lokhu kucindezela ulimi lwakho ukuthi lube nezici ezintsha ezifunwa abahleli bohlelo. Ngokwami, nginentshisekelo yokubhala ulimi oluzolungela izinhlelo zokusebenza zeseva.
[Ngesikhathi sengxoxo, u-Guy Steele naye uveze leli phuzu, wengeza ngokuthi isicelo akufanele sihlanganise nokubhala inhlanganisela yolimi lwakho, ngaphandle uma ulimi lwakho luklanyelwe ukubhala abahlanganisi.]4. Ulimi kufanele lufanele ukubhala izinhlelo zesikhathi esisodwa.
Uyazi ukuthi kusho ukuthini uhlelo lokudutshulwa okukodwa: yilapho udinga ukuxazulula ngokushesha inkinga ethile enomkhawulo. Ngikholwa ukuthi uma uqalaza, uzothola izinhlelo eziningi ezibucayi eziqale ziphuma kanyekanye. Ngeke ngimangale uma izinhlelo eziningi ziqala ziphuma kanyekanye. Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukwakha ulimi oluzofaneleka ukubhala isofthiwe ngokujwayelekile, kufanele futhi ifanele ukubhala izinhlelo ezilodwa, ngoba lesi yisigaba sokuqala sezinhlelo eziningi.
5. I-syntax ihlobene ne-semantics
Ngokwesiko kunenkolelo yokuthi i-syntax ne-semantics yizinto ezihluke kakhulu. Lokhu kungase kuzwakale kushaqisa, kodwa akunjalo. Ngicabanga ukuthi ofuna ukukuzuza ohlelweni lwakho kuhlobene nendlela okuveza ngayo.
Ngisanda kukhuluma noRobert Morris, futhi waphawula ukuthi ukulayishwa komsebenzisi ngokweqile kuyinhlanganisela enkulu yokunqoba kwezilimi nge-infix syntax. Ngezilimi ezine-syntax yesiqalo, noma yimuphi umsebenzi owuchazayo empeleni uwu-opharetha. Uma ufuna ukwengeza uhlobo olusha lwenombolo olwenzile, ungavele uchaze umsebenzi omusha ukuze uyengeze. Uma wenza lokhu ngolimi olune-syntax ye-infix, uzobona ukuthi kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kokusebenzisa i-opharetha egcwele ngokweqile nokubiza umsebenzi.
Imibono ebuyayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi
1. Izilimi ezintsha zokuhlela
Uma sibheka emuva ngeminyaka yawo-1970, kwakuyimfashini ukuthuthukisa izilimi zokuhlela ezintsha. Akunjalo manje. Kodwa ngikholwa ukuthi isofthiwe yeseva izophinda ibuyise imfashini yokudala izilimi ezintsha. Ngesofthiwe yeseva ungasebenzisa noma yiluphi ulimi olufunayo, ngakho-ke uma othile edala ulimi olubonakala lungcono kunolunye, kuzoba khona abantu abazonquma ukulusebenzisa.
2. Ukwabelana ngesikhathi
URichard Kelsey uqhamuke nalo mbono isikhathi sakhe sesiphinde safika futhi ngiweseka ngokugcwele. Ukuqagela kwami ββ(kanye nokwaMicrosoft) ukuthi amakhompiyutha amaningi azosuka kudeskithophu aye kumaseva akude. Ngamanye amazwi, ukwabelana kwesikhathi kubuyile. Ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu kuzodinga ukwesekwa ezingeni lolimi. Isibonelo, u-Richard no-Jonathan Reeves benze umsebenzi omningi ukuze basebenzise ukuhlela inqubo kuSikimu 48.
3. Ukusebenza kahle
Muva nje kubonakala sengathi amakhompyutha asevele eshesha ngokwanele. Sizwa kabanzi mayelana ne-bytecode, okusho okungenani kimina okusho ukuthi sinamandla athile ebesibekiwe. Kepha ngicabanga ukuthi ngesoftware yeseva, asinayo. Othile kuzodingeka akhokhele amaseva asebenzisa isofthiwe, futhi inombolo yabasebenzisi iseva engabasekela ngomshini ngamunye izoba isihlukanisi sezindleko zabo ezinkulu.
Ngicabanga ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kuzobaluleka, okungenani ekubambisaneni nezingqinamba. Lokhu kuzobaluleka ikakhulukazi ekusebenzeni kwe-I/O, ngoba izinhlelo zokusebenza zeseva zenza imisebenzi eminingi enjalo.
Ekugcineni, kungase kuvele ukuthi i-bytecode akuyona impendulo. I-Sun ne-Microsoft ibonakala ihamba phambili emkhakheni we-bytecode okwamanje. Kodwa bakwenza lokhu ngoba i-bytecode iyindawo ekahle yokuzishumeka enqubweni, hhayi ngoba i-bytecode ngokwayo ingumbono omuhle. Kungase kuvele ukuthi yonke le mpi ngeke inakwe. Kungahlekisa.
Izingibe nezihibe
1. Abathengi
Lokhu kuwukuqagela nje, kodwa ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezizozuza yilezo ezisohlangothini lweseva ngokuphelele. Ukuklama isofthiwe esebenza ngokucabangela ukuthi wonke umuntu uzoba nekhasimende kufana nokuklama umphakathi ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni ukuthi wonke umuntu uzothembeka. Kungaba lula, kodwa kufanele ucabange ukuthi ngeke kwenzeke.
Ngicabanga ukuthi kuzoba nokwenyuka okusheshayo kumadivayisi anikwe amandla iwebhu, futhi singacabanga ukuthi azosekela i-html eyisisekelo namafomu. Ingabe unaso isiphequluli efonini yakho? Ingabe i-PalmPilot yakho izoba nefoni? Ingabe i-blackberry yakho izoba nesikrini esikhulu? Ingabe uzokwazi ukufinyelela i-inthanethi ku-gameboy yakho? Ewashini lakho? Angazi. Futhi ngeke kudingeke ngithole uma ngibheja ukuthi konke kuzoba kuseva. Kuthembeke kakhulu ukuba nabo bonke ubuchopho kuseva. .
2. Uhlelo olugxile entweni
Ngiyaqaphela ukuthi lesi yisitatimende esiyimpikiswano, kodwa angicabangi ukuthi i-OOP ibaluleke kangako. Ngicabanga ukuthi lena ipharadigm efanelekile yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile ezidinga izakhiwo zedatha ethile, njengezinhlelo zamafasitela, ukulingisa, izinhlelo ze-CAD. Kodwa angiqondi ukuthi kungani kufanele ilungele zonke izinhlelo.
Ngicabanga ukuthi abantu ezinkampanini ezinkulu bayayithanda i-OOP, ngokwengxenye, ngoba yenza izinto eziningi ezibukeka njengomsebenzi. Yini engase imelelwe ngokwemvelo njengohlu lwamanani aphelele, manje ingamelwa njengekilasi elinazo zonke izinhlobo zesikafula, ukuphithizela nokuphithizela.
Esinye isici esikhangayo se-OOP ukuthi izindlela zikunikeza omunye umphumela wemisebenzi yezinga lokuqala. Kodwa lezi akuzona izindaba zabahleli be-Lisp. Uma unemisebenzi yeqiniso yesigaba sokuqala, ungavele uyisebenzise nganoma iyiphi indlela evumelana nomsebenzi owenzayo, esikhundleni sokuphusha yonke into ku-boilerplate yamakilasi nezindlela.
Ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu kusho ukuthini ngedizayini yolimi ukuthi akufanele ushumeke i-OOP ujule kuyo. Mhlawumbe impendulo iwukunikeza izinto ezivamile, eziyisisekelo, futhi uvumele abantu baklame noma yiziphi izinhlelo zento njengamalabhulali.
3. Idizayini ikomiti
Uma ulimi lwakho luklanywe yikomiti kusho ukuthi uvaleleke, hhayi nje ngezizathu ezaziwa wonke umuntu. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi amakomiti avamise ukwakha imiklamo yezilimi eyisigaxa, engahambisani. Kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi ingozi enkulu ukuthi abazifaki engozini. Lapho umuntu oyedwa ephethe, uzifaka engozini ikomiti elingeke livume ukuzifaka kuzo.
Ingabe udinga ukuzifaka engozini ukuze udale ulimi oluhle? Abantu abaningi bangase basole ukuthi ukuklama kolimi yilapho kufanele uhlale eduze kakhulu nokuhlakanipha kwendabuko. Ngibheja akunjalo. Kukho konke okunye abantu abakwenzayo, umvuzo ulingana nengozi. Ngakho kungani ukwakheka kolimi kufanele kwehluke?
Source: www.habr.com