Indlela yokufunda imikhakha ehlukahlukene “usebenzisa amakhadi,” ebizwa nangokuthi i-Leitner system, isineminyaka engaba ngu-40 yaziwa. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amakhadi avame ukusetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa ulwazimagama, ukufunda amafomula, izincazelo noma izinsuku, indlela ngokwayo akuyona nje enye indlela "ye-cramming", kodwa ithuluzi lokusekela inqubo yemfundo. Igcina isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze ubambe ngekhanda inani elikhulu lolwazi.
Isithombe: /unsplash.com
Ngosuku ngemva kwenkulumo yomfundi imizuzu eyishumi nje yokubukeza lokho okufundile. Ngeviki, kuzothatha imizuzu emihlanu. Enyangeni, imizuzu embalwa izokwanela ukuthi ingqondo yakhe "iphendule": "Yebo, yebo, ngikhumbula yonke into." Ucwaningo olwenziwe eNyuvesi yase-Alberta umthelela omuhle wendlela ye-Flashcards-Plus emabangeni abafundi.
Kodwa uhlelo lwe-Leitner lungasetshenziswa hhayi ezikoleni nasemanyuvesi kuphela. Umsunguli we-CD Baby uDerek Sievers Ukufunda nge-Flashcard kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokusekela ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono kanjiniyela. Ngosizo lwayo, wazi kahle i-HTML, i-CSS neJavaScript.
Iqhawe lesinye isibonelo nguRoger Craig ngo-2010 ohlelweni lomdlalo uJeopardy! futhi bathole izinkulungwane ezingama-77 zamadola emalini yomklomelo.
Ekufundeni ku-inthanethi, uhlelo lusetshenziswa yonke indawo: cishe azikho izinsiza zemfundo lapho amakhadi engafundiwe khona. Uhlelo lusetshenziswa ekutadisheni cishe zonke iziyalo eziyisisekelo, futhi inqwaba yezicelo ezikhethekile sezivele zenzelwe yona - kokubili ideskithophu neselula. Eyokuqala yazo, iSuperMemo, yasungulwa nguPiotr Wozniak ngo-1985.
Okokuqala, wazama ukuthuthukisa inqubo yemfundo yena - mayelana nokufunda isiNgisi. Indlela ilethe imiphumela, futhi isoftware yaphumelela impela, futhi isabuyekezwa. Kunjalo, kukhona ezinye, izicelo ethandwa kakhulu like и , ezisebenzisa izimiso ezifanayo ne-SuperMemo.
Izimfuneko zokuvela kwendlela
Omunye wabasunguli besayensi yengqondo yokuhlola, uHermann Ebbinghaus, efunda imithetho yenkumbulo ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, wachaza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi amandla okukhohlwa. Kamuva ososayensi izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ukuhlola kwakhe, ukuhlola "”, futhi uthole ukuthi iyashintsha kuye ngezici zezinto ezifundwayo. Ngakho-ke, izinkulumo noma izinkondlo, okuyizinto ezinengqondo, zazikhunjulwa kangcono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhwalithi yokufunda yathonywa izici zomuntu ngamunye nezimo zangaphandle - ukukhathala, izinga lokulala nendawo ezungezile. Kodwa ngokuvamile, izifundo ziqinisekisa amaphethini ayisisekelo ento etholwe nguHermann Ebbinghaus.
Ngokusekelwe kulo, isiphetho esibonakala sisobala senziwe: ukuze kugcinwe ulwazi, ukuphindaphinda kwezinto kuyadingeka. Kodwa ukuze yonke inqubo isebenze kahle kakhulu, lokhu kufanele kwenziwe ngezikhathi ezithile. Le ndlela yokuphindaphinda ngezikhathi ezikhulayo yahlolwa okokuqala kubafundi nguHerbert Spitzer e-Iowa State University ngo-1939. Kodwa ijika le-Ebbinghaus kanye nendlela yokuphindaphinda ehlukanisiwe bekuzohlala njengokubonwayo ukube bekungengenxa kaRobert Bjork noSebastian Leitner. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka, uBjörk wafunda izici zokukhumbula ngekhanda, inqwaba yemisebenzi ehambisana kakhulu nemibono ye-Ebbinghaus, futhi u-Leitner uhlongoze indlela yokukhumbula ngekhanda usebenzisa amakhadi ngeminyaka yawo-70s.
Kanjani lo msebenzi
Esimisweni sikaLeitner sakudala, esichazwe encwadini ethi How to Learn to Learn, utusa ukuba kulungiselelwe amakhadi ephepha angamakhulu amaningana. Ake sithi kunegama ngolimi lwangaphandle ohlangothini olulodwa lwekhadi, nokuchazwa kwalo nezibonelo zokusetshenziswa kolunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhokisi amahlanu ayadingeka. Okokuqala, wonke amakhadi ahamba. Ngemva kokuwabuka, amakhadi anamagama angaziwa ahlala ebhokisini, futhi amagama ajwayelekile kakade angena ebhokisini lesibili. Ngosuku olulandelayo udinga ukuqala futhi ebhokisini lokuqala: ngokusobala, amanye amagama azokhunjulwa. Lena yindlela ibhokisi lesibili eligcwaliswa ngayo. Ngosuku lwesibili, udinga ukubukeza kokubili. Amakhadi anamagama aziwayo asuka ebhokisini lokuqala ayiswa kwelesibili, kusukela kwelesibili kuya kwelesithathu, njalo njalo. "Akwaziwa" ibuyela ebhokisini lokuqala. Ngale ndlela wonke amabhokisi amahlanu agcwaliswa kancane kancane.
Khona-ke into ebaluleke kakhulu iqala. Amakhadi asuka ebhokisini lokuqala ayabuyekezwa futhi ahlungwe nsuku zonke. Kusukela kwesibili - njalo ezinsukwini ezimbili, kusukela kwesithathu - njalo ezinsukwini ezine, kusukela kwesine - njalo ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalolunye, kusukela kwesihlanu - kanye njalo emavikini amabili. Okukhunjulwe kuthuthelwa ebhokisini elilandelayo, okungenjalo - kwedlule.
Isithombe: / Pixabay License
Kuzothatha okungenani inyanga ukukhumbula yonke into noma cishe yonke into. Kodwa amakilasi nsuku zonke ngeke athathe ngaphezu kwesigamu sehora. Ngokufanelekile, njengokuthi Björk, kuyadingeka ukubuyisela ekhanda lokho esikufundile lapho siqala ukukukhohlwa. Kodwa ekusebenzeni, lesi sikhathi cishe akunakwenzeka ukulandelela. Ngakho-ke, ngeke kwenzeke ukuthola umphumela we-XNUMX%. Nokho, usebenzisa indlela kaLeitner, ngemva kwenyanga ungakhumbula okungaphezu kwengxenye yesihlanu yokwaziswa okusasele enkumbulweni ngokusho kokuphawulwa ngu-Ebbinghaus.
Enye indlela ukusebenzisa isoftware ekhethekile. Isofthiwe enjalo inomehluko emibili endleleni "yephepha". Okokuqala, cishe zonke zinezinguqulo zeselula, okusho ukuthi ungafunda usendleleni eya emsebenzini noma esikoleni. Okwesibili, izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zikuvumela ukuthi usethe izikhawu zesikhathi ezisebenziseka kalula ukuze ubuyekeze okufundile.
Uyini umugqa waphansi
Ukuphindaphinda isikhawu kufana nokuzivocavoca okuvamile, okudingekayo ukuze uqeqeshe imisipha. Ukucutshungulwa okuphindaphindiwe kolwazi olufanayo kukhuthaza ubuchopho ukuthi bukhumbule ngokuphumelelayo futhi lugcine enkumbulweni yesikhathi eside.
Ubuchopho buzitshela: “Oh, ngiyayibona futhi. Kepha njengoba kwenzeka kaningi, kufanelekile ukukhumbula. ” Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlelo lukaLeitner akufanele luthathwe ngokuthi "inhlamvu yesiliva", kodwa kunalokho njengethuluzi eliphumelelayo lokusekela inqubo yemfundo. Njenganoma iyiphi enye indlela yokufundisa, kufanele ihlanganiswe nezinye izindlela.
Iziqalo zethu:
Ama-habratopics wethu mayelana nenkumbulo nokusebenza kobuchopho:
Source: www.habr.com