Umsebenzi: umlawuli wesistimu

Imvamisa esizukulwaneni esidala sizwa amagama omlingo mayelana "nombhalo kuphela encwadini yomsebenzi." Ngempela, ngihlangabezane nezindaba ezimangalisayo: umakhenikha - umakhenikha wesigaba esiphezulu - induna yeshabhu - umphathi weshifu - unjiniyela omkhulu - umqondisi wemboni. Lokhu akukwazi kodwa kusihlaba umxhwele isizukulwane sethu, esishintsha imisebenzi kanye, kabili, noma yini - kwesinye isikhathi emihlanu noma ngaphezulu. Sinethuba hhayi kuphela lokushintsha izinkampani, kodwa ukushintsha ubungcweti futhi ukujwayela ngokushesha impela. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi emkhakheni we-IT, lapho kunokushintshwa kwemisebenzi okuxakile kanye namashifu amangalisayo esitebhisini somsebenzi, kokubili phezulu naphansi. 

Ngokubona le nqubo, saqaphela ukuthi inkomba yemisebenzi ayifuni nje kuphela izingane zesikole ezikhetha inyuvesi, kodwa nangabantu abadala abakhetha indlela. Ngakho-ke, sinqume ukukhuluma ngezinto ezikhethekile ezidingekayo emkhakheni we-IT. Ake siqale ngosondelene kakhulu nathi - umlawuli wesistimu. 

Kunjalo

Ngubani lo?

Umlawuli wesistimu uchwepheshe osungula, othuthukisa futhi ogcina ingqalasizinda ye-IT yenkampani, okuhlanganisa izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha, izinto ezisetshenziswayo, isofthiwe nokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi. Ingabe leyo akuyona incazelo esemthethweni?

Okwenziwa umlawuli wesistimu kuncike kusayizi wenkampani, umkhakha womsebenzi, isipiliyoni namakhono omlawuli ngokwakhe. Esikhundleni sokunikeza incazelo, kungcono ukugqamisa izinhlobo ezithile zabaphathi besistimu.

• U-Enikey ungumphathi wesistimu oyimfundamakhwela owenza i-hardware eyisisekelo nemisebenzi yokumisa isofthiwe. Ngokuvamile umsizi womphathi wesistimu omkhulu noma umlawuli enkampanini encane engeyona eye-IT evala izigameko zamanje.
• Umlawuli wesistimu (owaziwa nangokuthi umlawuli weqiniso) ungumqondisi jikelele onesibopho sokusebenza okuzinzile nokungenazinkinga kwengqalasizinda ye-IT, oqaphayo, oqhuba uhlu lwamagama, unesibopho sokuphepha komsebenzisi, osebenza ngamanethiwekhi, njll. Lona unkulunkulu wengqalasizinda ye-IT onezikhali eziningi futhi onezinhloko eziningi, othwala imithwalo yemfanelo yokuqinisekisa yonke impilo ye-IT yenkampani. Ingatholakala cishe kunoma iyiphi inkampani.
• Umakhi wesistimu uchwepheshe oklama ingqalasizinda ye-IT kanye nezakhiwo zenethiwekhi ezinkampanini ezinkulu.
• Umqondisi wenethiwekhi uchwepheshe obambe iqhaza ekusetheni nasekuthuthukiseni amanethiwekhi aphathekayo nanengqondo enkampanini, kanye nokuphatha ukukhokhisa, ukubalwa kwezimali kanye nezinhlelo zokulawulwa kwethrafikhi. Idingeka ezikhungweni zedatha, izingcingo, amabhange, izinkampani.
• Unjiniyela wezokuphepha kolwazi unguchwepheshe oqinisekisa ukuphepha kwengqalasizinda ye-IT kuwo wonke amazinga. Ngokufunwa ezinkampanini ezizwelayo ekuhlaselweni nasekungeneni kwenethiwekhi (lokhu kuhlanganisa i-fintech, amabhange, imboni, njll.). 

Ngakho-ke, ngemuva kokunquma ukuba ngumqondisi wesistimu, kungcono ukuhlela ngokushesha ukuthi uzothuthukisa ngakuphi, ngoba esikhundleni se-enikey ngeke wondle umndeni wakho futhi ngeke wenze umsebenzi.

Idingeka kuphi?

Ngingasho yonke indawo, kodwa lokho kungaba amanga. Ngesizathu esithile, abaphathi bamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo angewona ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi yonke into "ingagxumeka" efwini, futhi umlawuli wesistimu angaba yi-nerd engenayo kuphela. Ngakho-ke, izinkampani zivame ukuhlupheka kakhulu ingqalasizinda ye-IT ekhubazekile (ngokuqondile, i-IT mess), kodwa aziqashi umlawuli wesistimu. Uma ukwazi ukungena enkampanini enjalo, khona-ke kuma-99% wamacala udinga ukucabangela ukusebenza enkampanini njengesipiliyoni futhi uqhubekele phambili, futhi kuphela ku-1% yamacala okwazi ukukholisa umphathi, ube obalulekile futhi wakhe indawo ekahle ye-IT enezakhiwo ezifakazelwe kanye nokuphatha okunekhono (lapha ngikuchaza ngokuqondile ngesibonelo sangempela!). 

Kodwa ezinkampanini lapho i-IT iyindawo ebalulekile yomsebenzi (ukusingatha, abathuthukisi, njll.) noma ihlanganisa umsebenzi wokusebenza (ukulethwa, izitolo eziku-inthanethi, amabhange, ukudayisa, njll.), umqondisi wohlelo ngokushesha uba uchwepheshe ofunwayo ingathuthuka ngendlela eyodwa noma ngaphezulu. Njengoba i-automation iqhubeka nokuthatha izinkampani, ukuthola imisebenzi ye-sysadmin esezingeni lokungena naphakathi akufanele kube nzima kakhulu. Futhi uma uba uchwepheshe we-pumped-up, izinkampani zizokulwela, ngoba kune-enkeys eminingi, kodwa, njengakwezinye izindawo, kukhona ochwepheshe abambalwa kakhulu. 

Ngesikhathi sokuloba kunezikhala ezingama-67 kwinkonzo ye-Habr Careerokuhlobene nokuphathwa kwesistimu. Futhi ungabona nje ukuthi ububanzi "bokungcweti" bubanzi: kusukela kusisebenzi sosekelo lwezobuchwepheshe kuye kokuphepha kolwazi kanye nochwepheshe be-DevOps. Ngendlela, ukusebenza ekusekelweni kwezobuchwepheshe ekuqaleni ngokushesha, ngokuphumelelayo nangokujulile kuthuthukisa amakhono amaningana abalulekile kumphathi wesistimu.

iholo elimaphakathi

Sizophinde sibheke amaholo "Habr Career". 

Masithathe iholo elimaphakathi ngaphandle kokugqamisa amakhono okuthi "Umlawuli Wesistimu" kanye "ne-DevOps" ngokuya ngedatha yesigamu sesi-2 sika-2019. Lezi izingcweti ezidume kakhulu esigabeni "sokuphatha", futhi ezimele kakhulu. Ake siqhathanise.

Izinga lochwepheshe

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Izibalo, yiqiniso, zinikezwa kucatshangelwa iMoscow; ezifundeni isimo sinesizotha, kodwa, ngokwesibonelo, izilinganiso zicishe zifane. Futhi kubonakala kimi ukuthi umehluko onjalo ulungile, ngoba i-DevOps ithuthuke kakhulu kumakhono (uma sikhuluma nge-canonical DevOps, hhayi ngalabo abanegama elifanayo).

Okuwukuphela kwento engingeke ngithande ukuyincoma ukuthatha ama-devops amancane ngemuva kwekolishi. Abafana bethiyori abangayazi i-dev noma i-ops babukeka besezingeni eliphansi kakhulu ekuqaleni, bakhula kabi ngenxa yokungaqondi ukuthi kufanele bathuthele kuphi futhi abafanele neze ukuthola imali. Noma kunjalo, emisebenzini emincane kufanele kube nabaphathi abanolwazi oluthe xaxa abaye badlula emlilweni, emanzini, amapayipi ethusi, i-bash kanye nemibhalo ye-PowerShell. 

Izidingo eziyisisekelo zochwepheshe

Izidingo zomlawuli wesistimu ziyehluka enkampanini ngenkampani (ezinye zidinga ulwazi lwe-1C, 1C-Bitrix, Kubernetes, i-DBMS ethile, njll.), kodwa kunezidingo ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo okungenzeka zidingeka kakhulu kunoma iyiphi inkampani. 

• Ulwazi nokuqonda kwemodeli yenethiwekhi ye-OSI namaphrothokholi ayisisekelo.
• Ukuphathwa kwe-Windows kanye/noma isistimu yokusebenza ye-Unix, okuhlanganisa izinqubomgomo zeqembu, ukuphathwa kwezokuphepha, ukwakhiwa kwabasebenzisi, ukufinyelela kude, umsebenzi womugqa womyalo nokunye okuningi.
• I-Bash scripting, i-PowerShell, ekuvumela ukuthi wenze ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi wandise imisebenzi yokuphatha uhlelo. 
• Ukulungiswa kanye nokugcinwa kwama-PC, okokusebenza kweseva nama-peripherals.
• Sebenza ngokusetha nokuthungatha amanethiwekhi ekhompyutha.
• Ukusebenza neziphakeli zemeyili namaseva ocingo.
• Ukufakwa kwezinhlelo zehhovisi kanye nezicelo.
• Ukuqapha kwenethiwekhi nengqalasizinda. 

Lesi isisekelo esidinga ukufundiswa ezingeni elihle, elinokuzethemba. Futhi akulula njengoba kubonakala: ngemuva kwephuzu ngalinye kunamaqhinga amaningi, izimfihlo zokuphatha, amathuluzi esofthiwe adingekayo, imiyalelo kanye nezincwadi. Ngendlela enhle, sebenza ngokuzifundisa ngenkathi usebenza isikhathi esigcwele emsebenzini wakho oyinhloko okungenani unyaka.

Funda futhi uqonde leli hlaya.

Izimfanelo ezibalulekile zomuntu siqu

Umlawuli wesistimu uchwepheshe ongakwazi ukubekwa yedwa enkampanini nasendaweni echwepheshile. Uhlale ekhuluma nabantu ngocingo nangomuntu siqu, ngakho kuzomele anqobe imikhuba yakhe angena kuyo. Umlawuli wesistimu kufanele abe:

• ukumelana nokucindezeleka - ukubhekana nokuziphatha okungalungile komsebenzisi, inani elikhulu lomsebenzi nokuxhumana nabaphathi;
• i-multitasking - njengomthetho, ukuphathwa kwengqalasizinda ye-IT kuhilela umsebenzi osebenzayo ngamathuluzi ahlukahlukene, isisombululo ngesikhathi esisodwa semisebenzi eminingana, ukuhlaziywa kwezigameko eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa;
• labo abakwaziyo ukuphatha isikhathi - ukuhlela okuqinile kuphela okuzobasindisa kuma-screw-ups, umsebenzi ophazamisekile kanye nezinsuku zokugcina zemisebenzi;
• oxhumana nabo - abakwazi ukulalela, ukuhlaziya nokuqonda lokho abasebenzisi abafuna ukukusho (ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kunzima kakhulu);
• labo abanomqondo wezobuchwepheshe - maye, ngaphandle kwekhono lokucabanga ngobunjiniyela, ngohlelo kanye ne-algorithmically, akukho okwenziwa ekuphathweni kwesistimu.

Isidingo solwazi lwezilimi zakwamanye amazwe

Uma inkampani ibeka izidingo zolwazi lolimi futhi zisebenza kochwepheshe, khona-ke umlawuli wesistimu kufanele ahambisane nale mithetho (isibonelo, inkampani inikeza izinsizakalo zokukhishwa kwezinkampani zangaphandle). Kodwa ngokuvamile, umlawuli wesistimu kufanele aqonde imiyalo eyisisekelo nemilayezo yesistimu ngesiNgisi - iningi, lokhu kwanele.

Kodwa-ke, uma ufuna ukukhula emsebenzini wakho, thola izitifiketi zamazwe ngamazwe, kuhlanganise ne-Cisco, futhi ube ngowokuqala ukuqonda ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, uzodinga okungenani i-Upper Intermediate English. Ngincoma kakhulu ukwenza lokhu kutshalwa kwezimali ekuthuthukisweni kochwepheshe; leli akulona izinga elithile elihle; kungenzeka ukuthi ukwazi ukulisebenzisa kahle ngaphandle kwamakhono olimi.

Lapho ukufunda

Umsebenzi womphathi wesistimu uyathakazelisa ngoba azikho izidingo ezithile zokuqeqeshwa ukuze ungene emkhakheni okhethekile, njengoba kungekho mnyango okhethekile ofundisa ukuthi ungaba kanjani umlawuli wesistimu. Ekuqaleni, konke kuncike kuwe - ukuthi usukulungele kangakanani ukuzimela ngokuzimela ithiyori nokuzijwayeza, sebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza (iWindows ne-Unix), ama-peripherals, nokuphepha. Eqinisweni, ikhompyutha yakho kufanele ibe ilabhorethri yakho yezemfundo (futhi kungcono nakakhulu uma unomshini ohlukile wemisebenzi enjalo ukuze inqubo ingaphazamisi umsebenzi wakho oyinhloko nokufunda).

Ukusho ukuthi umqondisi wesistimu uwumsebenzi ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa futhi inqwaba yabantu abazifundisayo imane iyisigebengu esikhathini sethu, ngoba sibona izinga labaphathi bohlelo abakhokhelwa kahle. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona isethi "yakudala" eyisisekelo ozoyidinga.

• Imfundo eyisisekelo, okungcono kakhulu yezobuchwepheshe, izokunikeza ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kokucabanga kwe-algorithmic, ubunjiniyela, i-electronics, njll. Izokwenza lula kakhulu ukuqonda okukhethekile futhi isheshise ukuthuthukiswa kwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungakhohlwa ukuthi kubaqashi abaningi baseRussia, idiploma iseyidokhumenti ebalulekile lapho kuqashwa.
• Isitifiketi esisodwa noma ngaphezulu se-Cisco sizothuthukisa kakhulu amakhono akho futhi senze i-resume yakho iqhudelane. Isibonelo, i-Cisco Certified Entry Network Technician (CCENT) yizinga lokuqala likanjiniyela wenethiwekhi ye-Cisco noma i-Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Routing and Switching ingesinye sezitifiketi eziyisisekelo zezinga lokungena. Uzohlangana neCisco cishe kunoma iyiphi inkampani, ikakhulukazi emikhulu. Kunoma ikuphi, lesi sitifiketi sobungcweti empeleni siyindinganiso eyigolide yokuxhumana. Esikhathini esizayo, "ungathola" amazinga asele, kodwa, ngizokutshela imfihlo, ngezindleko zomqashi 😉
• Kuya ngephrofayili yakho yomsebenzi, ungathola izitifiketi ezifanele kumasistimu okusebenza, ukuphepha, amanethiwekhi, njll. Lawa amaphepha afunwa ngabaqashi ngempela, futhi ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwami ​​​​ngizosho ukuthi ngenkathi ulungiselela izivivinyo, ujwayelene ngokugcwele nesihloko. Uma ungazifundeli wedwa, kodwa uzikhawulele esifundweni, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuphumelela ukuhlolwa.
• Kukhona enye indlela yemfundo - izifundo ezibanzi zeWindows kanye nabaphathi besistimu ye-Unix. Yebo, okuningi kuncike kuthisha kanye nenhlangano eyisisekelo eqhuba isifundo, kodwa izinga lesifundo lingadumaza 100%. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngokuhlanganiswa okuphumelelayo kwezimo, isifundo esinjalo senza umsebenzi omuhle wokuhlela ulwazi nokulubeka emashalofini. Uma usanquma ukuthola imfundo eyengeziwe enjalo, ungakhethi inyuvesi, kodwa inyuvesi yenkampani, lapho izinkulumo nokusebenza kunikezwa ochwepheshe bangempela, abakhuthele, hhayi ama-theorists kusukela kuma-90s. 

Umlawuli wesistimu uyisipesheli esidinga ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe obusha, amathuluzi okuphepha, izinhlelo zokuphatha ingqalasizinda ye-IT, njll. Ngaphandle kokucwiliswa okuqhubekayo ezintweni ezintsha, uzolahlekelwa ngokushesha ikhono lakho kanye nenani emakethe.

Ngeke ukwazi ukudlula izinto eziyisisekelo futhi ube uchwepheshe opholile - ngaphandle kolwazi lwezakhiwo ze-PC, iseva, ukuqonda izimiso zokusebenza kwesicelo kanye nesofthiwe yezinsiza, izinhlelo zokusebenza, akukho lutho oluzosebenza. Ngakho-ke, ithisisi "qala kusukela ekuqaleni" ibaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili kubaphathi besistimu.

Izincwadi Ezinhle Kakhulu Namathuluzi Okufunda

1. Okwakudala ngu-Andrew Tanenbaum: I-Computer Architecture, Amanethiwekhi Ekhompyutha, Amasistimu Okusebenza Esimanje. Lezi yizincwadi ezintathu eziwugqinsi, nokho ezidlule ezinhlelweni ezimbalwa futhi zinhle kakhulu ukuthi uzifunde futhi uziqonde. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwabanye abaphathi bezinhlelo, uthando lwabo lomsebenzi luqala ngalezi zincwadi.
2. T. Limoncelli, K. Hogan "I-Practice of System and Network Administration" iyincwadi emangalisayo "yesiqondiso sobuchopho" yokuhlela ulwazi lomlawuli wesistimu owenziwe ngomumo. Ngokuvamile, i-Limoncelli inezincwadi eziningi ezinhle zabaphathi bohlelo. 
3. R. Pike, B. Kernighan “Unix. I-Software Environment", nezinye izincwadi zika-Kerningan
4. I-Noah Gift "Python in System Administration ye-UNIX ne-Linux" iyincwadi enhle kakhulu yabalandeli bomsebenzi ozenzakalelayo wokuphatha.

Ngaphezu kwezincwadi, uzothola amamanyuwali abathengisi, usizo olwakhelwe ngaphakathi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza nezinhlelo zokusebenza, imiyalo nemithethonqubo ewusizo - njengomthetho, kulula ukuthola lonke ulwazi oludingayo kuzo. Futhi yebo, zivame ukuba ngesiNgisi futhi zimbi kakhulu endaweni yaseRussia.

Futhi, vele, i-Habr nezinkundla ezikhethekile ziwusizo oluhle kakhulu kubaphathi bohlelo banoma yiliphi izinga. Lapho kufanele ngifunde isayensi ye-Windows Server 2012, u-Habr waba usizo olukhulu - sabe sesiqala ukwazana kangcono nakakhulu.

Ikusasa lomlawuli wesistimu

Ngizwile ngokucekelwa phansi komsebenzi womphathi wesistimu futhi izimpikiswano ezivuna le thesis zingaphezu kobuthakathaka: amarobhothi angakwazi ukuyiphatha, umsebenzi wokuqinisekisa amafu ngaphandle komlawuli wesistimu, njll. Umbuzo wokuthi ubani ophethe amafu, isibonelo, ohlangothini lwabahlinzeki, uhlala uvulekile. Eqinisweni, umsebenzi womphathi wohlelo awehlisi isithunzi, kodwa uguqulelwa ekubeni yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kanye nokuguquguquka. Ngakho-ke, uma ukhetha, izindlela ezimbalwa zivuleka phambi kwakho.

• I-DevOps noma i-DevSecOps iyingcweti ekumpambanweni kwentuthuko, ukuphatha nokuphepha. Okwamanje, ukunakwa kwe-DevOps kukhula kuphela futhi lo mkhuba uzoqhubeka, uthuthukela ekufakweni kweziqukathi, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezilayishiwe namasistimu, i-microservice architecture, njll. Hlola konke lokhu ngenkathi kubukeka njengokubalulekile okuphezulu kwekusasa. 
• Ukuphepha kolwazi kungenye indawo yokuthuthukiswa. Uma ochwepheshe bezokuphepha bolwazi bangaphambili betholakala kuphela kwezokuxhumana nasemabhange, namuhla bayadingeka cishe kunoma iyiphi inkampani ye-IT. Indawo ayilula, izodinga ulwazi ekuthuthukisweni, ukugebenga kanye nezinhlelo zokuvikela - lokhu kujule kakhulu kunokufaka i-antivirus nokumisa i-firewall. Futhi, ngendlela, kukhona okukhethekile okuhlukene kokuphepha kolwazi emanyuvesi, ngakho-ke uma usekuqaleni kohambo lwakho, ungafaka isicelo ngokushesha ngokuya ngephrofayela yakho, futhi uma "uyindoda endala," ungacabangela uhlelo lwe-master's lokujulisa ulwazi lwakho futhi ube nediploma.
• I-CTO, CIO - izikhundla zobuholi emkhakheni we-IT noma iminyango ye-IT yezinkampani. Indlela enhle kakhulu yalabo okuthi, ngaphezu kokucabanga kwezinhlelo nothando lobuchwepheshe, babe namakhono okuphatha kanye nezezimali. Uzophatha yonke ingqalasizinda ye-IT, wenze ukusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi, ukwakha izakhiwo zebhizinisi, futhi lokhu, kukhokha kahle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, i-CTO/CIO enkampanini enkulu iphinde isho ikhono lokuxoxisana, ukuchaza, ukuveza izizathu kanye nokwephula izabelomali; lezi izinzwa ezinkulu kanye nesibopho.
• Qala awakho ama-bissnes. Isibonelo, zibandakanya ekuphathweni kwesistimu nokwesekwa kwezinkampani njengomsebenzi wangaphandle. Khona-ke uzokwazi ukwakha uhlelo lwakho, ukuhlela inzuzo nomsebenzi, futhi unikeze lezo zinsizakalo ezikusebenzela kahle kakhulu. Kodwa lena akuyona indlela elula, kokubili ngokombono wokuqasha nokugcina isisekelo samakhasimende, futhi ngokombono wokuphatha, ezezimali kanye nomthetho. 

Vele, ungangena ku-telecom, ukuthuthukiswa, abaphathi bokuthengisa bemikhiqizo eyinkimbinkimbi (ngendlela, inketho ebiza kakhulu!), Nokumaketha - konke kuncike ekuthambekeni kwakho komuntu siqu kanye nokuqonda kochwepheshe. Noma ungahlala ungumqondisi opholile wesistimu futhi wenze yonke into ebhalwe ngokomholo namakhono. Kodwa ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, isifiso sakho nolwazi lwakho kanye nokuphathwa kokuqonda kwenkampani yakho ngokubaluleka kwengqalasizinda ye-IT kumele kuhlangane (futhi lokhu kuyivelakancane ngempela). 

Izinganekwane zomsebenzi

Njenganoma yimuphi umsebenzi, ukuphathwa kwesistimu kuzungezwe izinganekwane. Ngizojabula ukuxosha ezivame kakhulu.

• Abaphathi besistimu bangumsebenzi osebenzayo. Cha, lokhu kuwumsebenzi wobuhlakani, oyinkimbinkimbi onemisebenzi eminingi kanye nomsebenzi omningi, ngoba emhlabeni wanamuhla, ingqalasizinda ye-IT isho kakhulu kunoma iyiphi inkampani.
• Ama-Sysadmin amabi. Cha, abavamile - ngokomlingiswa womnikazi womsebenzi. Kodwa bacasulwa ngempela abasebenzisi abangakwazi ukuchaza inkinga noma, okuhle, bazibheka njengabaduni futhi, ngaphambi kokucela usizo, bandise inkinga kakhulu.

  
  Hhayi okubi, kodwa kuyingozi!

• Abaphathi besistimu abayidingi imfundo. Uma ungafuni ukuchitha impilo yakho yonke "ulungisa izitofu ze-Primus" futhi wenze izinto eziyisisekelo njengokufaka i-antivirus nezinye izinhlelo, udinga ukufunda njalo, kokubili ngokuzimela kanye nezifundo eziqinisekisiwe eziqeqeshiwe. Imfundo ephakeme izosiza ukusheshisa inqubo yokuzifundela kanye nokubona ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe oluyinkimbinkimbi. 
• Abaphathi besistimu bangama-slackers. Oh, lena inganekwane yami engiyithandayo! Umlawuli wesistimu omuhle usebenza nesofthiwe yokuphatha ingqalasizinda ye-IT futhi ugcina lonke uhlelo luhlelekile. Lokhu kuthatha isikhathi esiningi, ngokuvamile kudinga umsebenzi wesikhathi esengeziwe, kodwa ngaphandle, yebo, kubonakala sengathi umlawuli wesistimu uhlezi nje ku-PC, njengathi sonke. Emehlweni omuntu ovamile, lokhu kuwukuxokozela: umlawuli kufanele azibophe ngezintambo futhi agijime ephethe i-crimper kanye ne-stripper lapho elungile. Ubulima, ngamafuphi. Nakuba kungekho muntu ongenasono, ngokushesha uzozwa ubuhlungu bomphathi wesistimu oyivila.
• Abaphathi besistimu abawuvali umlomo, bagqoka amajezi anwetshiwe futhi banentshebe. Ukubukeka komlawuli wesistimu akunqunywa yinoma yimaphi amazinga futhi kuncike kuphela kulokho akuthandayo.

Kodwa ngokuvamile, kukhona uhlamvu lwamahlaya kuwo wonke amahlaya, futhi ngokuvamile, abaphathi besistimu banemibala, abafana abathakazelisayo, abanesitayela esiyingqayizivele sokuxhumana. Ungathola njalo ulimi olujwayelekile nabo.

Ithiphu ephezulu

Izimanga azenzeki futhi ngeke ube umlawuli wesistimu enkulu uma uhlala ehhovisi elincane futhi wenza umsebenzi oyisisekelo. Impela uzophelelwa amandla, udumale ngomsebenzi wakho, futhi uthi yiwona msebenzi omubi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, thuthukisa, shintsha imisebenzi, ungagwemi imisebenzi ethakazelisayo nenzima - futhi ngaphambi kokuthi wazi, uzoba uchwepheshe wangempela ofunwa futhi okhokhelwa kakhulu. 

I-PS: Emazwaneni, njengenjwayelo, silindele izeluleko ezivela kubaphathi bezinhlelo abanolwazi kanye nezindaba mayelana nokuthi yini ekusize emsebenzini wakho, ukuthi ufike kanjani kulo msebenzi, ukuthi yini oyithandayo ngawo nokuthi yini ongayifuni. Kunjani ukuphathwa kwesistimu ngo-2020?

Source: www.habr.com