Asiqhubeke nengxoxo yabafana
Isazi sokuma komhlaba
Eceleni kukaFadeev ngu-Alexei Alexandrovich Blokhin, ngakho-ke, u-Alyosha kuphela. Waziwa ngokungenakuqhathaniswa kubi kukaFadeev, i-biography, ngokufanelekile, iye yafundwa ngaphandle kwemininingwane, ngakho indaba izoba mfushane kakhulu.
U-Alexey Blokhin
U-Alexey umdala kunabanye abafundi bakhe - wazalwa ngoMeyi 31, 1897, okungukuthi, kulesi sithombe useneminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu. Empeleni umdala kunabo bonke kulesi sithombe - u-Ivan Apryatkin, owayengumholi wenhlangano yezinyunyana zase-Azerbaijan (wesibili ukusuka kwesobunxele emgqeni ongezansi), unyaka omncane kunaye, owazalwa ngo-1898. Bonke abanye bangama-jerk abazalwa ngekhulu lama-XNUMX.
U-Ivan Apryatkin
UBlokhin unemvelaphi efanayo noFadeev - bobabili oyise baqala imisebenzi yabo njengothisha basemaphandleni. Kuphela uma uFadeev Sr. ngokushesha ejoyina amalungu e-Narodnaya Volya futhi ngemva kokuboshwa kokuqala wathola okuthiwa "i-wolf passport", emncisha ilungelo lokuhlala ezindaweni eziningi eRussia futhi ahlanganyele ekufundiseni, khona-ke uBlokhin Sr waqhubeka efundisa. . Wafundisa konke ukuphila kwakhe edolobhaneni laseGolovino, esifundeni saseKostroma, lapho kwazalelwa khona izingane zakhe. Lapho abafundi bokuqala sebekhulile, wafundisa izingane zabo, futhi lapho izingane sezikhulile, wafundisa abazukulu bazo. Futhi kanjalo iminyaka engu-44 ilandelana. Iresiphi elula kakhulu.
Lolu kwakuwuhlobo oluhluke ngokuphelele lwangaphambi kokuguquguquka, olwavela lwaba oluqinile - hhayi abavukeli, kodwa abahlakaniphile baseRussia abaphansi, konke ukuphila kwabo behlakulela insimu abayizuze njengefa ngomjuluko webunzi labo. Ukuhlala phakathi kwabantu futhi, ngokuvamile, akuhlukile kubo, uhlangabezana nabo yonke intokozo nobunzima obubehlelayo. Bonke laba baphristi, odokotela, othisha - abanakekela umhlambi, yilowo nalowo endaweni yakhe siqu, futhi bengafuni umvuzo. Ukuphupha njalo: “Ukube nje abantwana bebengathola isabelo esilula,” futhi bezabalaza namandla abo okugcina ukuze banikeze izingane zabo imfundo evamile.
Kwaba njalo namaBlokhin. U-Alexey wafunda kuyise esikoleni sasemaphandleni, waphothula ngo-1909 futhi wangena e-Kostroma First Gymnasium. Ngokusobala, u-Alexey, njengabantu abaningi abavela ku-strata “okungafanele izingane zabo, ngaphandle kwalezo ezinesiphiwo sobuhlakani nakancane zilwele imfundo yamabanga aphezulu nephezulu”, wafunda ngobuqotho futhi waphothula esikoleni esiphakeme ngo-1917 “ngendondo.” Ingcaphuno, uma noma ubani engazange ayibone, yayisuka kuyisekhula ethi "Ekuncishisweni kwemfundo ye-gymnasium," eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi "i-circular mayelana nezingane zokupheka."
Okokuqala Kostroma gymnasium. Njengoba kuchazwe ngu-A.P. Smirnov: “Kwakuyindlu enkulu enamakamelo abukeka njengezingobo zomphakathi. Wema phezu kwentaba eyehla nemihosha eya eVolga.”
Ngo-1917, u-Alexey wangena eMoscow University eMnyangweni wezibalo, kodwa, njengoba kamuva wabhala encwadini yakhe yokuphila, “Angizange ngiwuthole umsebenzi futhi ngayeka ukufunda ngenxa yokushoda kwemali”. Lo mndeni wawungasenayo imali yokufunda enyuvesi futhi wawungakwazi ukuwukhokhela. Umfundi ongaphumelelanga ubuyela ekhaya futhi uqala ukusebenza njengothisha edolobhaneni laseBig Salts esifundeni esifanayo saseKostroma. Kwakubonakala sengathi umbuthano wawuvaliwe. Kwakuyinzuzo yonke ukuthi indodana ithole umsebenzi wokuba uthisha hhayi endaweni evamile, kodwa esikhungweni sesifunda esizayo (ngo-February 20, 1934, kwakhishwa isimemezelo se-Presidium ye-All-Russian Central Executive Committee, esibophezelekile. "ukuhambisa isikhungo sokuphatha sesifunda saseBolshesolsky sisuka edolobhaneni laseBabayki siye edolobhaneni laseBig Salts").
Kodwa... Revolution, Civil War. U-Alexey wabuthelwa e-Red Army, walwa iminyaka emibili, futhi ekupheleni kuka-1920, ngomyalo wenhloko ye-Political Directorate yeRevolutionary Military Council of the Republic, wathunyelwa eMoscow Mining Academy ukuyofunda.
Ilungu le-CPSU (b) kusukela ngo-1921, lamukelwa yinhlangano ye-Kostroma ye-CPSU (b)
Umfundi we-Mining Academy. Ngathuthela ekamelweni lokulala nomfowethu omncane uNikolai Blokhin, naye owangena emnyangweni we-metallurgical eMoscow Mining Academy (owesibili ukusuka kwesokudla emgqeni ongezansi).
U-Nikolay Blokhin
Usosayensi wenuzi
Uyayibona insizwa ezimisele esithombeni ekhoneni elingezansi kwesokudla? Yebo, yebo, ejazini le-pea elinemigqa emibili yezinkinobho ezicwebezelayo. Lona Nuclear Engineer, aka Vasily Semenovich Emelyanov, ke, ngokwemvelo, Vasya nje.
Vasily Emelyanov
Russian, owazalwa ngo-1901, iminyaka efanayo Fadeev. Umzukulu womlimi waseSaratov ongenamhlaba. Umkhulu, uPyotr Antonovich, owachitha impilo yakhe yonke esebenza njengesisebenzi sosuku, wangcwaba izingane zakhe eziyisishiyagalombili kweziyishumi nambili. Uyise kaVasya, uSemyon Petrovich, efuna impilo engcono, uthuthela eTranscaucasia ukuze asebenze emasimini kawoyela - lapho, ngokusho kwamahemuhemu, ungenza imali futhi ngeke ufe ngendlala. Endaweni entsha, ubaba uthola umsebenzi wokuba umbazi edolobhaneni laseBalakhani eduze kwaseBaku, lapho kungekho khona nje umhlaba oshisiwe noma amanzi ayindlala, kodwa umoya oshisayo ubonakala ugcwele amafutha.
UVasya uyizibulo ezinganeni eziyisithupha, ngakho uwukuphela kwengane emndenini, nakuba kwakungavamile, esagqoka izicathulo ezintsha. Bonke abanye base bevele bemlandela. Ukubuyisela leli lungelo, impilo yakhe yonke yahlelwa kusengaphambili - njengazo zonke izingane ezindala emindenini yabasebenzi, yena, ngokushesha nje lapho eqala ukusebenza, kwadingeka ahambe emsebenzini - ukusiza abazali bakhe ukukhulisa abanye. Kwakunendlela eyodwa kuphela yokugxuma kule rut enyathelwe yizizukulwane - ukubamba inyoni yenhlanhla ngomsila futhi, yini enzima kakhulu, ukuyibamba. Ekuqaleni, uVasya wayenenhlanhla - umfana waba namakhono amahle kakhulu futhi wakwazi ukuphumelela izivivinyo zokwamukelwa esikoleni sangempela. Ngokwemvelo, umndeni wawungakwazi ukukhokhela izifundo, ngakho uVasya wayenethuba elilodwa kuphela lokungaphumi esikhungweni somphakathi - ukuba abe no-A kuzo zonke izifundo. Umnikazi wamasimu kawoyela, uBenkendorf, wanikela ngokupha kwakhe ngemifundaze emibili yamahhala, futhi izinxibi ezimbili ezinamakhanda amakhulu zakhululwa ekukhokheni.
Vasya Emelyanov noyise. 1912
Uke waqaphela ukuthi zonke izinhlamvu kulesi sithombe zineziphetho ezifanayo kakhulu? Futhi lapha, ngiyaxolisa, ngizohlehlisa futhi ngithathe lokho abanye babafundi bami abakufakazela ngokuthi “inkulumo-ze yamakhomanisi.” Amahlaya eceleni, kodwa empeleni akuwona umbuzo ongenalutho. Cishe wonke amaqhawe ami ayeyizinceku eziqotho zeNguquko, ezilungele ukunikela ngakho konke, kuhlanganise nempilo yazo, egameni lokunqoba kobukhomanisi. Labo abangazange bathembise ukuzidela, kodwa okungukuthi labo abadela - umehluko uyisisekelo.
Umbhali obhala ngomuntu wangempela kumele amqonde. Akudingekile nakancane ukungahlanganyeli ngezinkolelo zakhe - kodwa kuyadingeka ukuqonda indlela abecabanga ngayo nokuthi kungani enze ngendlela enza ngayo. Uma kungenjalo, wonke umsebenzi wakho awunanjongo, ngaphandle kwalokhu kuqonda akunakwenzeka ukubhala noma yini ewusizo. Ngisho namanje angikwazi ukusho ukuthi ngaqonda ugqozi lwamaqhawe ami ngamaphesenti ayikhulu, kodwa ngiyavuma ngokwethembeka - Vasily Emelyanov wangisiza kakhulu kule ndaba.
Ngemva kokufunda izikhumbuzo zeNuclear Man (futhi uyena yedwa kulesi sithombe oshiye izinkumbulo), izinto eziningi zangicacela. Futhi njengoba abafundi bami bengebi kakhulu kunami, ngeke ngidlale umdlalo wefoni ophukile, futhi ngizomane ngicaphune izingcaphuno ezimbalwa ezivela endabeni yakhe esabekayo emayelana nobuntwana. Ngaphandle kokuphawula - njengoba amaRoma asendulo asho, kwanele kumuntu onengqondo:
Emcebweni owodwa umkhulu ayenawo - inqwaba yezingane - eziyisishiyagalombili zashona, ezine zathuthela eBaku. Inzuzo iqhamuke ngesikhathi umbango wesiteleka sabasebenzi basezindaweni zikawoyela. Unyaka kwakungu-1905.
Impilo yayinzima. Ngama-kopecks angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nantathu ngosuku ayitholayo, kwakudingeka ukondla nokugqoka abantu abayisishiyagalombili futhi bakhokhele izindlu.
Kuyo yonke impilo yakhe yokusebenza, ubaba wakwazi ukuthenga isudi eyodwa kuphela eneziqephu ezintathu: ibhantshi, ibhulukwe nevesti. Lokhu kwakungaphambi komshado wakhe. Emshadweni bekufanele ugqoke amabhuzu nesudi eneziqephu ezintathu. Yonke iminyaka esele unina wayethunga ibhulukwe lakhe namahembe. Khona-ke bonke abafazi bezisebenzi babengabathungi bezingubo. Bekushibhe kakhulu ukuzithungela ngokwakho.
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Ubaba wayevame ukufika ekhaya evela emsebenzini egcwele amafutha, amehlo abomvu, avuvukele. Indlu, eyakhiwe ngamatshe e-limestone asikiwe abekwe phezu kobumba, ingenawo amanzi ampompi, ingenawo indle, ingenazibani. Kwakukhona isitofu esishiswe ngamafutha, kwakuphekwa kuso ukudla, futhi sasisebenza nanjengendlela yokubasa. Umama ubefudumeza amanzi esitofini. Eminyene endishini enothayela, elondoloza yonke inkomishi yamanzi, ubaba wazama ukuwasha amafutha. Izinwele zakhe ezigcotshwe ngamafutha zazinamathelana. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukukhipha amafutha esilevini nasekhanda lakhe ngamanzi, ngakho wawageza ngophalafini.
Khona-ke, esebambe umoya, weza kimi futhi, ebuka izincwadi zami nezincwadi zami zokubhalela, wathi ngethemba nokulangazelela:
"Mhlawumbe uzofunda ukuba umabhalane." Phela umabhalane unomsebenzi ohlanzekile, akafani nathi singababazi.
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Ukuphila kwakukubi, futhi izinsuku zazihamba kancane. Kimina ngisho namanje kubonakala sengathi emuva ngaleso sikhathi, ngo-1913 nango-1914, izinsuku zazizinde kakhulu.
Isikhathi sidonse kabuhlungu kwaze kwaba yisidlo sasemini, futhi kusukela ekudleni kwasemini kuze kube isidlo sakusihlwa. Ukudla kwasemini nedina bekukufushane ngokumangalisayo.
Phakathi naleyo minyaka, ngangingakaze ngibonakale ngisuthi. Kungakho ngikhumbula lokhu kuhlukaniswa kosuku izikhathi ezimbili - ngaphambi kwesidlo sasemini nangemuva kwesidlo sasemini. Isidlo sasemini nesidlo sakusihlwa emndenini wethu ngaso sonke isikhathi sasihlanganisa isidlo esisodwa - isobho noma isobho seklabishi.
Lapho wonke umkhaya ubuthene etafuleni, umama wabeka isitsha esikhulu soqweqwe lwazo phakathi netafula, futhi wonke umuntu owayehlezi wakha okuphakathi ngezinkezo zokhuni.
Kwakukhona ummese owodwa kuphela. Kwabekwa phezu kwetafula ukusika isinkwa. Isikhathi sokuqala engathola ngaso ipuleti elihlukile kwaba senkantini yabafundi yaseMoscow Mining Academy ngo-1921. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, bekungadingeki ngisebenzise ipuleti, ummese nemfoloko - besingenazo nje, futhi, ngaphandle kwalokho, bezingadingeki. Izitsha ezinjalo ezidinga ummese nemfoloko zazingaphekwa emkhayeni wakithi. E-Red Army, ngangidla ebhodweni lesosha noma ethangini - ithangi elilodwa labantu abayishumi.
Kwakukhona ithawula elilodwa lomndeni wonke. Yayilenga ngasendishini yokugeza.
Yonke imindeni yabasebenzi yayisebenzisa insipho eshibhe kakhulu - ngokuvamile insipho eyayisala ngemva kokugeza izingubo. Manje insipho enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi insipho yokuwasha.
Insipho, eyayipakishwe ephepheni elinemibala, yayibizwa ngokuthi “eyomuntu siqu” noma “umoya”; yayingathengeki. Lolu hlobo lwensipho lufika nje ezandleni zami kuyaqabukela. Emndenini wethu, o-anti bethu kuphela ngezinye izikhathi ababethola insipho efana nesipho sosuku lokuzalwa.
Bezingekho izixubho noma impushana yokuhlanza amazinyo efektri - akekho owaxubha nhlobo.
2
Ukukhipha uwoyela usebenzisa indlela yomthombo. Isithombe ngu-Alexander Michon
Angikhumbuli ukuthi ngaphambi kwenguquko mina noma amanye amalungu omndeni sake sathenga amasokisi noma amasokisi. Umama wayeziluka njalo, futhi wayezithunga. Ezathengwa ezitolo zazibiza. Futhi lapho amasokisi noma amasokisi engasakwazi ukulungiswa, sasiwaqaqa futhi sibophe imicu ibe yibhola. Intambo endala yesilonda yayisetshenziselwa ukuluka amasokisi amasha.
Ubaba wayengawagqoki nhlobo amasokisi namasokisi - wayesebenzisa ama-foot wraps.
“Ungawathola ngempela amasokisi anele?” wawumuzwa esho lapho unina ethi uzomlukela amasokisi.
Ebantwaneni yimi ngedwa njengoba ngimdala ngathola izicathulo ezintsha, ezinye zaguga ezami. Ukuze andise ukuphila kwezicathulo, ubaba wasebenzisa izikulufo ukuze akrufule amapuleti ensimbi ezithendeni nasematheni, ayewasika emahubheni amadala emiphongolo. Amabhuzu aba nzima futhi enza umsindo wensimbi lapho uhamba.
Njengoba amapuleti ayengaboshelwe kahle, amanye aklolodelana, okwangikhumbuza ukukhala kwamaketanga engake ngakuzwa ngesikhathi iziboshwa zixoshwa emgwaqweni.
Ezinyangeni zokuqala ngemva kokuvukela umbuso, ngashintsha izicathulo zami ngaba izicathulo zamasosha, ngangenela uphiko lwe-Red Guard njengevolontiya, futhi angiphindanga ngagqoka izicathulo “ezinamaketango.”
Ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa phambili ePoland. Ohlezi (ohlwini lwesibili ukusuka kwesobunxele) ngu-V. Emelyanov. 1920
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Izinsuku ezilambile zango-1920. Kunezingane eziyi-8 emndenini - ezimbili zincane kakhulu. Omncane kunabo bonke, uKostya, uneminyaka emithathu ubudala. Banikeza ucezu oluncane lwesinkwa ngosuku. Yimalini ekhona kulesi siqeshana? Bathi ingxenye yesishiyagalombili yepondo. Kungaba njalo. Akukho okungeziwe esinkwa. Abantu abadala, nokho, basengathola isobho ndawana thize endlini yokudlela, kodwa kwakungekho lutho ababengaluletha ekhaya ngaphandle kwesinkwa. Angizange ngidle isinkwa engasithola, ngilethe kumfowethu uKostya.
Bonke abantu abadala bazama ukwelula ucezu lwesinkwa usuku lonke. Bayinqume ibe yizicucu ezincane bese beyifihla.
U-Kostya naye wafihla izingcezu zakhe; akazange adle konke ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Kuze kube namuhla, umfanekiso womfana onamehlo abucayi ngokumangalisayo ebusweni obuphaphathekile, obungenagazi umi phambi kwami. Usuku lonke ehlezi phezu kwehhashi lokhuni elinyakazayo awakhelwe nguyise futhi, egona intamo yehhashi ngazo zombili izingalo, enyakaza buthule.
Angikhumbuli ecela utho noma ekhala.
Izingane zezisebenzi zafunda ukubekezela embelekweni.
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Ezinganeni, ezimbili azikwazanga ukusindiswa. Okokuqala kwafa uNina, kwase kuba uKostya.
Umkhaya wakithi wawungenawo umkhuba wokukhala nokubalisa. Kodwa ngabona indlela umama athinta ngayo ngasese ikhoneni lephinifa lakhe emehlweni akhe.
Ngemva kokungcwaba izingane, ubaba wahamba isikhathi eside edangele.
Ngokuvamile, ngemva kokubuya emsebenzini, esegezile futhi ekama izinwele zakhe, wayekhuluma ngalokho okuthakazelisayo emsebenzini, noma acele ukufunda iphephandaba.
Wathula manje. Wazulazula ekamelweni ngokuthula, waqalaza, futhi kwakubonakala kimi ukuthi kukhona ayekufuna.
Ngezinye izikhathi wayesho ngesankahlu: “Angizange ngikusindise. Ngangingenawo amandla anele,” waphuma endlini.
Njengo-Alexey Blokhin, uVasily Emelyanov akazange agcine inyoni yakhe. Impilo, ngobuqiniso bayo obungenakunyakaziswa, ngokunganaki yadudula iziqalo eziphakeme zabuyela endleleni enyathelwe kahle. Iphupho lemfundo lashabalala; eneminyaka engu-15, uVasya kwadingeka ayeke kokubili isikole sangempela kanye ne-scholarship yamahhala, futhi ayosebenza emasimini kawoyela - uyise yedwa wayengakwazi ukusekela izingane ezincane futhi isimo emndenini saba. kubi nakakhulu.
V. Emelyanov ekilasini lapho afunda khona ingxenye yekhulu leminyaka edlule.
Kodwa ngokushesha ngemva kwalokhu, kwenzeka isenzakalo esadlula izinhlelo zezigidi zabantu - ngo-February 1917 kwenzeka inguquko eRussia. Futhi ngo-Okthoba - enye. Khona-ke, ngo-1917, ngokushesha ngemva kweNguquko ka-October, uVasily Emelyanov oneminyaka engu-16 ubudala wayeyiqhawe lebutho le-Red Guard e-Azerbaijan, futhi uyise nomfowabo omncane, u-Nikolai oneminyaka engu-15 ubudala, bahamba naye beyovolontiya ukulwa. okwenguquko. Izinyanga eziyisithupha eduze nomngcele wasePheresiya edolobhaneni laseMolassanna, lapho ngo-1918 kwamiswa inkampani u-Emelyanov ayekhonza kuyo. Khona-ke uVasya wajoyina amabutho ahlomile esigodi saseBaku. Ngemuva kokuthunjwa kukaBaku yi-Turkish-Azerbaijani Caucasian Islamic Army kanye nokusungulwa kwamandla ngamaMusavatists - ngaphansi komhlaba wamaBolshevik. Lapho, wajoyina iqembu, lapho eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala wakhethwa njengonobhala weqembu lomshoshaphansi labasebenzi bokushintshana ngocingo.
I-paybook ka-V. Emelyanov ekushintsheni kocingo e-Baku. 1920
Ngokuvamile, i-biography efanayo evamile ngesikhathi esingajwayelekile. Ngaphansi komhlaba. Umthwalo. Iqembu lokulwa leqembu leqembu lendawo. Ukubamba iqhaza okusebenzayo ekuvukeleni kwe-Baku kanye nokuthathwa kwedolobha kuhlonyiwe. Ukubamba iqhaza ekucindezeleni ukuhlubuka kwezinsalela ze-Wild Division. Isicelo sokuthunyelwa endaweni yasePoland. Kodwa u-Vasya akazange abe nethuba lokulwa noPilsudski - u-Emelyanov wagula nge-malaria futhi wathunyelwa esibhedlela ukuze athole ukwelashwa. Okwengeziwe…
Khona-ke yena ngokwakhe wachaza okwenzeka encwadini yakhe yesikhumbuzo: “Ngangisesibhedlela samasosha lapho ngithola isaziso sokuthi ngithe ngiyofunda. Umalaleveva. Ukuhlasela zonke izinsuku. Yayingekho i-quinine - banginika ukuthakwa kwekhasi le-cinchona. Kwakukhona ukunkenteza njalo ezindlebeni zami, nokubaba emlonyeni wami nokungezwani okuphelele kokunambitha. Kodwa ngafunda kahle lokho umkhulu ake akusho: “Ukube bekunamathambo, inyama ibiyohlala ikhula.” Ngaya eMoscow ngiyofunda noTevosyan.”
Yebo, u-Vanya Tevosyan akazange amkhohlwe umngane wakhe omdala e-Baku underground, naye, emuva ngaphansi kwe-Musavitists, wazama ukuphumelela izivivinyo zesikole sangempela njengomfundi wangaphandle. Ekuqaleni kwawo-20, uTevosyan waletha lonke ithimba lamaKhomanisi aseBaku eSikhungweni Sezimayini. Ngaphandle kuka-Emelyanov, umphakathi wakwaBaku wawuhlanganisa noVanya Apryatkin osekukhulunywe ngabo noFeliksi Zilber (owesibili ukusuka kwesokudla ohlwini oluphezulu), indodana yezincwadi zasendulo zesiLatvia uMaurice Edward Zilber, owaziwa kangcono ngegama mbumbulu elithi Sudrabu Ejus. Uyise kaFeliksi wayengeyena nje umlobi, kodwa umguquli odumile, futhi ngemva kokuhlanganyela ngokugcwele ekuvukeleni kuka-1905, waphoqeleka ukuba abaleke eRiga futhi afundise eBaku iminyaka engu-11.
Felix Zilber
Kodwa-ke, sekuyisikhathi sokuhlangana nale Vanya Tevosyan engaqondakali. Uyayibona insizwa yaseCaucasus egqoke ibhantshi lesikhumba ekhoneni elingezansi kwesokudla? Nguye.
Source: www.habr.com
