From the moment the need arose to save (accurate accounting) of data, a person imprinted (or saved) on various media, with all kinds of tools, the information necessary for subsequent use. For thousands of years, he carved drawings on the rocks and wrote down on a piece of parchment, with the aim of subsequent use in the future (to beat a bison only in the eye).
In the last millennium, the recording of information in the language of letters - "writing" - has become widespread. Writing, in turn, although it has an undeniable advantage (prevalence, relative ease of reading information and recording, etc.), but in terms of data administration does not allow its full use. The best thing that a person could come up with for the administration of written data is a library (archive). But the library also had to be supplemented with a special tool for searching (indexing) and managing data - a file cabinet. The file cabinet is essentially a registry-catalog of the library. It should be noted that the term library (archive) should be understood not only as libraries we are used to, but also other organized and structured written data (for example, a registry office card index or the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the State Tax Service).
It is difficult to underestimate how much the filing system of data records has affected state registration systems. For example, the institution of population registration in which the address of residence is the physical location of the stored data about the citizen. So, all data of citizens living on certain streets and districts are stored in one registration department determined by the district. This is due to the fact that this method allows you to quickly find, update, calculate, generate statistical and analytical data, rather than if the information was stored in one place. For example, the passport office or department of the tax service to which you belong stores written - physical data about your activities (tax reports or acts of civil records). Any person or state body, at the address of registration, can easily determine in which registry office documents are stored and in which district tax office of the income declaration.
The entire data registration system was built on this foundation of card-indexing capabilities: about citizens (registry office, passport office), about economic activity (district departments of the tax service), about real estate (district departments of registration of real estate), about vehicles (registration and examination departments ), about a conscript (military commissariats), etc.
The card index is forced to use state registration marks with a territorial designation (S227NA69-Tver region), to name various departments according to territorial characteristics (Pervomaisky District Department of Internal Affairs), forced and forced to physically move data, etc.
I propose to consider the movement of a data unit in the filing system from one filing cabinet to another. As an illustrative example, let's take the process of re-registering a vehicle in the vehicle registration system, when the car is sold to an individual whose place of registration (propiska) differs from the place of registration of the previous owner. According to the rules, the seller and the buyer must arrive at the REO "A" (to which the seller belongs) to re-register the car. After signing the contract of sale and execution of the relevant documents, the new owner will receive a transit number that is valid for a limited period of time. The new owner during the validity period of the transit number is obliged to arrive at the REO "B" to which he belongs by registration (registration). After his arrival at REO "B", his transit number and other registration documents are taken from him and the car is registered to the new owner.
For a full understanding of the movement of an information unit, we will draw an analogy of the movement of a data unit with each stage of registration actions below.
Operation 1
The seller and the buyer arrive at the REO "A" for the purchase and sale of the car and apply to the operator. The operator finds a registration card in the registration file - that is, performs a physical search for data, which takes some time. After finding the card, it checks for the presence of an arrest or pledge of the car (the data is recorded in the car registration card).
Operation 2
The operator, after carrying out the necessary registration actions, issues transit numbers and registration documents for a limited period of time. Due to the fact that the data on the new owner must be stored in the REO "B" (since the database is file-based and local), the following process has been developed to transfer information from the REO "A" to the REO "B". Data about the new owner and his car will move with him, for which he will be issued transit numbers. The registration card with a special deregistration mark will remain in the REO "A" as a unit of information in the history of the vehicle. Deregistration in this case means that this unit of information will become inactive in the REO database βAβ and will no longer be in the list of physical data retrieval mentioned above (the registration card of the deregistered machine will simply be transferred to a separate from other active cards). The transmitted information itself will be displayed in the transit number and in the registration documents.
Operation 3
The new owner, who received transit numbers as a result of deregistration of the car from REO "A", departs to REO "B". The very name of the type of number "transit" indicates that the number is needed to move data. There is a transfer of information from REO "A" to REO "B", in which the new owner acts as a data carrier. To ensure the completion of the movement of information, transit numbers are issued for a certain period of validity, during which the new owner must register with the REO "B". Control over this process is entrusted to the relevant state bodies. It follows from the above that a colossal legal norm and human resources are involved and used to control the execution of the data movement process.
Operation 4
After the arrival of the car in the REO "B", it is registered, which implies the entry of data about the car in the file cabinet of the REO "B". The operator withdraws transit numbers and issues new state numbers, while printing out the registration card and entering it into the file cabinet. This registration card displays all the data that was transferred from the REO "B".
This completes the process of "analogue" data transfer from REO "A" to REO "B". Undoubtedly, this algorithm for the movement of information is complex and requires large expenditures both on the part of human resources and on the part of physical activity. Moving data about a car does not exceed 3 kilobytes, while the market cost of moving information using existing technologies with a volume of 1024 kilobytes is 3 soms (according to the maximum tariffs of mobile operators).
The era of the use of DBMS-Database Management Systems
The use of database management systems makes it possible to radically simplify the processes of changing data in large arrays of registration processes. Automate and provide guaranteed results for data queries.
For a clear example, let's draw an analogy with the above process of re-registering a car if DBMS were used.
Operation 1
The seller and the buyer arrive at the REO "A" for the purchase and sale of the car and apply to the operator. The operator finds a registration card in the registration file - that is, performs a physical search for data, which takes some time. After finding the card, it checks for the presence of an arrest or pledge of the car (the data is recorded in the car registration card). The operator enters the vehicle data into the DBMS and receives an instant response about the presence of an arrest or bail.
Operation 2
The operator, after carrying out the necessary registration actions, issues transit numbers and registration documents for a limited period of time. Due to the fact that the data on the new owner must be stored in the REO "B" (since the database is file-based and local), the following process has been developed to transfer information from the REO "A" to the REO "B". The operator enters data about the new owner into the DBMS.
This completes the registration process. All other operations are irrelevant, since the database is centralized. The new owner does not need to obtain (pay) transit numbers. Stand in line for the registration of transport (staging), pay for the generated application, etc. At the same time, the burden on the REO employees will decrease, since the operation will no longer require a complex re-registration scheme.
Also, there is no need for a number of restrictions, such as the use of a regional sign in state numbers (region designations will not be needed, which will allow registration of cars in any REO), records of the owner's address in registration documents, re-registration in case of a change of residence, and so on through a huge list.
The possibility of falsification of registration documents is practically excluded, since information on the vehicle is provided from the database.
The established processes for obtaining data in government institutions are based on the possibilities of filing and storing data.
Based on the foregoing, the following main advantages of using automated information systems (AIS) can be determined:
- AIS will significantly simplify and fundamentally change the approach to registration processes.
- In registration processes, it is necessary to use the principles and rules for building a DBMS.
- For the full use of AIS capabilities, the established registration procedure should be changed.
- Extensive opportunities for direct system integration with other systems (for example, banking).
- Minimizing errors associated with the human factor.
- Reducing the time for obtaining information to citizens.
Source: habr.com